Regardless of its ultimate scientific return, today's outcome will likely go down as one of the more bemusing episodes in NASA's long history
of lunar missions.
In a new paper in Scientific Reports, FSU Dean of the College of Human Sciences and Professor Michael Delp explains that the men who traveled into deep space as part
of the lunar missions were exposed to levels of galactic cosmic radiation that have not been experienced by any other astronauts or cosmonauts.
Public interest in seeing men on the moon had declined after Apollo 11, and the mechanical travails that threatened the lives of the crew of Apollo 13 in April 1970 heightened concerns about the risks
of lunar missions.
«Until recently the European Space Agency had plans for a lunar lander (which has since been scrapped) and the science case for Lunar Mission One is quite similar,» Ian Crawford, one
of Lunar Mission One's principle scientific advisers, told BBC News.
Not exact matches
Based on the calculations we've done, we can actually do
lunar surface
missions, with no propellant production on the surface
of the moon.
One
of the big limiting factors in plaguing future space
missions is lifting off from Earth with all the supplies, fuel, spacecraft and equipment humans would need to establish a permanent
lunar base or field a Mars
mission.
A key hurdle for any lengthy human
mission on the surface
of a planet or moon, as opposed to NASA's six short
lunar surface visits from 1969 to 1972, is possessing a power source strong enough to meet the various energy needs to sustain a base but small and light enough to allow for transport through space.
Right, Harrison H. Schmitt, an Apollo 17 astronaut, working beside a large
lunar boulder on one
of three moonwalks during that
mission.
The group
of companies is aiming to send Audi
lunar quattro rovers to the landing site
of NASA's Apollo 17
mission — when man last set foot on the moon in 1972.
A startup is close to securing the approval
of federal authorities for its first private
lunar mission.
Our robotic spacecraft systems will collapse the cost
of access to the Moon, introduce a new commercial paradigm for government
missions, democratize
lunar research and exploration, and blaze the trail for commercial space transportation and exploration beyond Earth's orbit.
Which means the Dragon 2
lunar mission will occur hot off the heels
of SpaceX's first human
mission into space.
The agency was looking for domestic vendors interested in, or capable
of, developing commercial payload landing services for future
missions to the
lunar surface.
In our podcast's inaugural episode, Commercial
Lunar Ambitions, Chad interviews John Thornton, CEO
of Astrobotic — one
of the most influential leaders in the entrepreneurial space sector, and who is currently planning the world's first commercial
mission to the Moon in 2019.
Experts appearing include Anjana Ahuja, science writer for The Times, Dr Kevin Fong, Co-Director
of the Centre for Aviation Space, UCL Professor Gerard de Groot, author
of Dark Side
of the Moon: The Magnificent madness
of the American
Lunar Quest and Sima Adya, Space
Missions Scientist.
Discovering molecular hydrogen on the moon was a surprise result from NASA's
Lunar Crater Observation Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)
mission, which crash - landed the LCROSS satellite's spent Centaur rocket at 5,600 miles per hour into the Cabeus crater in the permanently shadowed region
of the moon.
Using data gathered by NASA's
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
mission, scientists believe they have solved a mystery from one
of the solar system's coldest regions — a permanently shadowed crater on the moon.
Lunar material kicked up by the LCROSS
mission contained at least a few bucketfuls
of water, NASA announced on Friday.
The calculations also predicted
lunar rocks should have iridium levels
of 10 parts per trillion or less — a figure that moon rocks returned by NASA's Apollo
missions have already confirmed (Icarus, DOI: 10.1016 / j.icarus.2009.07.015).
Jaroslaw Wlodarczyk
of the Institute for the History
of Science in Warsaw noted that another Kepler will retrace that sub - to supra -
lunar trajectory next February, when NASA launches the Kepler
mission, designed by modern dreamers to find Earth - like planets elsewhere in the Milky Way.
The successful
mission of Apollo 11 opens an epoch
of planned
lunar exploration.
Wang and Jacobsen examined seven
lunar rock samples from different
lunar missions and compared their potassium isotope ratios to those
of eight terrestrial rocks representative
of Earth's mantle.
And science has progressively become a bigger part
of missions run by both the China National Space Administration (CNSA), which governs
lunar and planetary exploration, and the China Manned Space Agency.
The timing
of the
lunar reveal was notable in at least one other respect, arriving as it did one day before the 40th anniversary
of the launch
of Apollo 17, the last
mission to deliver astronauts to the moon.
«What is amazing is you can see this feature while the rim is very likely in front
of the line
of sight,» said Andreas Nathues, who is in charge
of the
mission's camera, and presented the images yesterday at the
Lunar and Planetary Science conference (LPSC) in The Woodlands, Texas.
NASA's Deep Impact and Cassini
missions and the Indian probe Chandrayaan - 1 last year reported detecting a water film only a few molecules thick over large parts
of the
lunar surface.
The cosmic collision is intentional:
Mission engineers need to guide the spacecraft down because they have run out
of fuel to keep themselves in
lunar orbit.
Its
lunar exploration program is also increasingly science - driven, with a sample return
mission scheduled for next year and the first ever landing on the far side
of the moon planned for 2018.
Four years ago, as GRAIL's two spacecraft neared the end
of a 1 - year orbital
mission with a planned crash into the
lunar surface, they measured Orientale from a scant altitude
of 2 kilometers.
The House proposal would also allow NASA to keep all its aging planetary explorers; the White House «had essentially proposed defunding two
of the
missions — the Opportunity Mars rover and the 5 - year - old
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.»
Just a few months into its
mission, NASA's newest Mars orbiter is finding an assortment
of oddities in the Martian atmosphere, researchers report March 18 at the
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Texas.
An odd offset
of the ice from the moon's current north and south poles was a tell - tale indicator to Siegler and prompted him to assemble a team
of experts to take a closer look at the data from NASA's
Lunar Prospector and
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
missions.
Two Japanese moon
missions,
Lunar A in 2004 and Selene 1 in 2005, will help determine what exactly is cooking at the middle
of the moon.
Or you could try a moon burial à la Eugene Shoemaker, codiscoverer
of the Comet Shoemaker - Levy; Shoemaker's ashes were sent crashing into a moon crater during the NASA
Lunar Prospector
mission.
The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's visionary plan slates an independent manned space
mission and establishment
of an international
lunar base by 2025.
Yet in November 1969, only months after Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became history's first moonwalkers, Conrad left his own tracks in the
lunar dust, as commander
of the Apollo 12
mission.
Jeffrey Taylor
of the University
of Hawaii says it was the final Apollo
missions of 1972 that propelled
lunar science and transformed our understanding
of the moon.
NASA's Deep Impact and Cassini
missions, along with India's
lunar probe Chandrayaan - 1, examined how the sun's infrared rays reflect off the moon and detected the telltale fingerprints
of water molecules.
Two
of them will be part
of the GRAIL
mission — the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory — now starting to make extremely precise measurements
of the
lunar gravitational field.
The bounty
of lunar samples brought to Earth by Apollo astronauts included volcanic glass hauled in during the Apollo 15 and 17
missions.
UV images
of the
lunar surface show patterns that correlate with the concentration
of TiO2 measured in
lunar samples collected by the Apollo
missions, and so a map
of the UV variations can be used to create a map
of TiO2 abundance.
Three recent
missions have found an unexpectedly large supply
of water on the moon that could both quench the thirst
of future
lunar dwellers and produce fuel for
missions to other places in the solar system.
Now might be the best time to study unexamined caches
of lunar material from the Apollo
missions
Tikoo and colleagues analyzed fragments
of a
lunar rock collected along the southern rim
of the moon's Dune Crater during the Apollo 15
mission in 1971.
This flotilla
of 21st - century moon explorers should arrive bristling with technologies that will help them map the moon's uncharted regions and prospect for resources that could one day sustain
lunar outposts and
missions further afield (see «The international
lunar line - up «-RRB-.
Lunar mining start - up Moon Express is testing robotic moon landers in advance
of a 2015 trial
mission.
It had been nearly 45 years since Schmitt bunny - hopped his way across the low - gravity
lunar landscape in December 1972 during the final Apollo
mission; half
of Apollo's 12 moon walkers have now died.
The announcement followed a scientific review
of the
missions; it was feared that two
of them — the Mars rover Opportunity and the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter — would be shut down.
«We anticipate CATALYST will lead to delivery
of payloads and
missions to the
lunar surface in the same way that commercial transport services to the space station have,» says Moon Express CEO Bob Richards.
The Apollo
missions brought back a combined 842 pounds
of lunar rock and soil between July 1969 and December 1972.