This study evaluated the impact
of maternal mood on mother - son interaction patterns.
I know it would be a heck of a lot easier to do that, but every time I share my story one on one with a friend, they tell me about their experience of having friends or family members with some type
of maternal mood disorder ranging from the baby blues to depression.
Infant cry in the context
of maternal mood disturbances can also be recognized as an opportunity to improve mother's mood, which could in turn support healthy early development.
Not exact matches
The parent - child relationship in the context
of maternal depressive
mood.
: «Instituting a consistent nightly bedtime routine, in and
of itself, is beneficial in improving multiple aspects
of infant and toddler sleep, especially wakefulness after sleep onset and sleep continuity, as well as
maternal mood.»
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The long - term goal
of Dr. Aleeca Bell's research program is to promote optimal birth & exemplary birth care by understanding the biological underpinnings linking the birth experience with
maternal - child outcomes, such as postpartum
mood and mother - infant interaction.
Many instances
of maternal mental health symptom - like depression, anxiety, and other
mood disorders - are treatable when diagnosed and services are provided.
Comparison
of two strategies to improve infant sleep problems, and associated impacts on
maternal experience,
mood and infant emotional health: a single case replication design study.
While reported interventions for PPD have typically improved
maternal mood, interventions have been successful in effecting sustained improvement
of infant developmental outcomes
Post-partum depression poses substantial adverse consequences for mothers and their infants via multiple direct biological (i.e., medication exposure,
maternal genetic factors) and environmental (i.e., life with a depressed mother) mechanisms.8, 9 From the earliest newborn period, infants are very sensitive to the emotional states of their mothers and other caregivers.10, 11 Maternal mood and behaviour appear to compromise infant social, emotional and cognitive functioning.11 - 15 As children grow, the impact of maternal mental illness appears as cognitive compromise, insecure attachment and behavioural difficulties during the preschool and school periods.6
maternal genetic factors) and environmental (i.e., life with a depressed mother) mechanisms.8, 9 From the earliest newborn period, infants are very sensitive to the emotional states
of their mothers and other caregivers.10, 11
Maternal mood and behaviour appear to compromise infant social, emotional and cognitive functioning.11 - 15 As children grow, the impact of maternal mental illness appears as cognitive compromise, insecure attachment and behavioural difficulties during the preschool and school periods.6
Maternal mood and behaviour appear to compromise infant social, emotional and cognitive functioning.11 - 15 As children grow, the impact
of maternal mental illness appears as cognitive compromise, insecure attachment and behavioural difficulties during the preschool and school periods.6
maternal mental illness appears as cognitive compromise, insecure attachment and behavioural difficulties during the preschool and school periods.6,16 - 19
While this finding does not suggest a causal relationship between crying and
maternal mood, it does highlight the importance
of understanding infant crying as a possible reflection
of a distressed or stressed mother - infant relationship.
For instance, in a study
of American children (aged 9 - 11 years), researchers found that kids with secure attachment relationships — and greater levels
of maternal support — showed «higher levels
of positive
mood, more constructive coping, and better regulation
of emotion in the classroom.»
That said, there is research that suggests a heightened risk
of negative
maternal mood associated with «poor» infant sleep which serves as a risk factor for
maternal depression and family stress [6].
In countries where
maternal care does not stop at the birth, their rates
of postpartum
mood disorders are significantly lower.
Skin - to - skin contact promotes the mom's production
of oxytocin, a hormone that boosts
maternal feelings and a positive
mood, according to study author Ann Bigelow, Ph.D., a professor
of psychology at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
One study examined the effects
of breastfeeding and bottle - feeding on
maternal mood and stress.
Randomised controlled trial
of behavioural infant sleep intervention to improve infant sleep and
maternal mood.
A history
of short breastfeeding or not breastfeeding is associated with postpartum depression.1 This condition affects approximately 7 — 15 %
of women in the first 3 months after birth and may result in
maternal anxiety, depressed
mood, poor concentration, and hyperawareness
of pain.
Mothers who breastfeed have been found to report lower levels
of perceived stress and negative
mood, higher levels
of maternal attachment, and tend to perceive their infants more positively than mothers who formula - feed.9, 19 - 21 There is evidence to suggest that breastfeeding mothers may also spend more time in emotional care and be more sensitive to infant emotional distress cues than bottle - feeding mothers.22, 23 Relatedly, a small fMRI study
of 17 mothers in the first postpartum month, found that breastfeeding mothers showed greater activation in brain areas involved in empathy and bonding than formula - feeding mothers when listening to their own infant's cry.24 These brain areas included the superior frontal gyrus, insula, precuneus, striatum and amygdala.
To earn the title
of postpartum doula, she enrolled in a three - day, 30 hour workshop through DONA, focusing on
maternal and infant care, breast - feeding, and perinatal
mood disorders.
Every mother knows those nine months
of waiting are full
of excitement,
mood swings, perhaps a few cravings and some physical discomfort — and according to Barak Rosenn, MD, director
of obstetrics and
maternal - fetal medicine in the Department
of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai West, most moms who find they're carrying twins are perhaps twice as thrilled.
Although recommended for GDM treatment, guidelines do not specify the type
of physical activity or its timing in regards to meal intake.66 67 Aerobic and resistance exercise can be accomplished during pregnancy in the absence
of contraindications, 68 but motivation, compliance, perceived health and lack
of time appear to be major limiting factors.48 69 A recent review concluded that physical activity, both aerobic and resistance exercise, may improve glycaemic control and / or limit insulin use in women with GDM.70 Regular physical activity can also limit pregnancy weight gain, stabilise
maternal mood and reduce fetal fat mass (FM) and physiological stress responses in the offspring.27 69 71
A lack
of differences between the COPE and control group mothers with respect to state anxiety and negative
mood state during hospitalization may be attributable to the fact that the length
of hospital stay for this full - scale clinical trial was approximately one - half
of that in our pilot study.6 There might not have been enough time to demonstrate the positive effects
of the COPE program on
maternal anxiety and
mood state during the short course
of hospitalization in this trial.
This increase in risk in the very preterm group is consistent with the sparse literature describing the association between gestational age and parent's mental health, where others have also suggested that degree
of prematurity is an important factor for
maternal depressive symptoms.41 Suggested antecedents
of PD include a trigger event resulting in a stress (fight or flight) response, symptoms (eg, fatigue), perceived loss
of control and ineffective coping.10 This may fit the pattern
of parents who experience a very preterm baby leading to an increased risk
of PD, and this PD may result in symptoms that would more commonly be recognised as symptoms
of postnatal depression or
mood disorder (such as anxiety, depression, withdrawal from others and hopelessness).
Depression is one
of the most prevalent
mood disorders among mothers, with about one in five mothers experiencing clinical levels
of depression in their lifetimes.1
Maternal depression is linked with a host
of negative outcomes for children.
Many instances
of maternal mental health symptom - like depression, anxiety, and other
mood disorders - are treatable when diagnosed and services are provided.
Studies
of Child Care Settings Mothers who are responsive and sensitive — that is, who respond consistently and appropriately to their child's social bids and initiate interactions geared to the child's capacities, intentions,
moods, goals, and developmental level — are most likely to have children with secure
maternal attachments (Belsky, Rovine, and Taylor, 1984).
Although several forms
of intervention have proved beneficial for mothers with PND, none has been shown to have enduring effects on
maternal mood, and there is limited evidence that any intervention improves the long - term course
of child development.
There are several well conducted naturalistic studies
of the impact
of PND on the mother - child relationship, and the architecture
of parenting disturbances in this context is now well understood; similarly, the evidence on the consequences
of PND for child development is detailed and robust.5 There have also been several randomized controlled trials
of the impact
of treatment on PND.7, 8 However, the treatment trials have almost all had limited follow up and have principally been concerned with the impact on
maternal mood rather than on the quality
of the mother - child relationship and child development outcome.
Does the provision
of specific treatment for PND produce a better outcome in terms
of improvement in
maternal mood than no treatment or «treatment as usual»?
Maternal depression is demonstrated to contribute to multiple early child developmental problems, including impaired cognitive, social and academic functioning.3 - 6 Children of depressed mothers are at least two to three times more likely to develop adjustment problems, including mood disorders.3 Even in infancy, children of depressed mothers are more fussy, less responsive to facial and vocal expressions, more inactive and have elevated stress hormones compared to infants of non-depressed mothers.7, 8 Accordingly, the study of child development in the context of maternal depression is a great societal concern and has been a major research direction for early childhood developmental researchers for the past several
Maternal depression is demonstrated to contribute to multiple early child developmental problems, including impaired cognitive, social and academic functioning.3 - 6 Children
of depressed mothers are at least two to three times more likely to develop adjustment problems, including
mood disorders.3 Even in infancy, children
of depressed mothers are more fussy, less responsive to facial and vocal expressions, more inactive and have elevated stress hormones compared to infants
of non-depressed mothers.7, 8 Accordingly, the study
of child development in the context
of maternal depression is a great societal concern and has been a major research direction for early childhood developmental researchers for the past several
maternal depression is a great societal concern and has been a major research direction for early childhood developmental researchers for the past several decades.
Few studies have specifically addressed this issue.14, 15 A large scale randomized control trial (RCT) comparing CBT, counselling and psychoanalytic therapy with routine care found that, while all active treatments were moderately effective in treating depression and brought about short term benefits in the quality
of the mother - infant relationship, there was limited evidence
of benefit to infant outcome; and effects (including those on
maternal mood) were not apparent at follow - up.16, 17 Similarly, a recent RCT found that, although interpersonal psychotherapy was effective in treating
maternal depression, there was no benefit in terms
of observed mother - infant interactions, infant negative emotionality, and infant attachment security.18
A review
of several randomized control trials9 concluded that both specific psychological treatments and more generic psychosocial interventions were moderately effective at improving
maternal mood, and they were similarly beneficial.
Most studies
of the treatment
of PND have been concerned with its impact on
maternal mood.
A number
of treatments have been shown to be effective in helping mothers with PND recover from their
mood disorder, though none has yet to be shown to be superior to any other, and there is no evidence for long - term benefits to
maternal mood.
This Briefing Paper by
Maternal Mental Health NOW and Zero to Three builds on our previous concept paper and outlines nine new recommendations for improving systems
of care to address perinatal
mood and anxiety disorders across Los Angeles County.
Maternal or perinatal depression encompasses a range
of mood disorders that can affect a woman during pregnancy, around the time
of birth and through the child's first year.
Thus, girls» depressed
mood predicted a reduction in
maternal warmth, whereas conduct problems predicted increases in harsh punishment (firmer control, stronger limit - setting) when the effects
of both conduct problems and depressed
mood were examined together.
Results Adolescents» perceptions
of maternal psychological control were associated with greater depressed
mood regardless
of age and gender.
Adolescents» perceptions
of maternal acceptance were associated with less depressed
mood, particularly for girls and with better self - efficacy for diabetes management, particularly for older adolescents and girls.
Parent perceptions and parent - child interactions in clinic referred children: A preliminary investigation
of the effects
of maternal depressive
moods
Maternal depression and anxiety, often referred to as perinatal
mood and anxiety disorders, are the most common complication
of childbirth, affecting at least one in six new mothers in Los Angeles.
Prenatal effects
of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressents, serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4), and
maternal mood on child behavior at 3 years
of age.
Maternal depressed
mood was significantly and positively associated with children's level
of depressive phenomena.
Several smaller studies have investigated the relationship
of paternal and child mental health, and they have reported related findings among children
of different ages than those in the study reported in this article.14, — , 21 One study found an association between paternal depression and excessive infant crying.45 Another study found that children aged 9 to 24 months with depressed fathers are more likely to show speech and language delays, 19,21 whereas another study reported that children aged 2 years with depressed fathers tended to be less compliant with parental guidance.17 Among children aged 4 to 6 years, paternal depression has been found to be associated with increases in problems with prosocial behaviors and peer problems.15 Only 1 other study we are aware
of was population based; it was from England and investigated related issues among much younger children, 23 demonstrating that both
maternal and paternal depressive symptoms predicted increased child
mood and emotional problems at 6 and 24 months
of age.
An interaction effect
of gender and
maternal depressed
mood on acceleration in children's depressive phenomena indicated that girls» trajectories
of depressive phenomena were sustained in the presence
of maternal depression while those
of boys declined in the presence
of maternal depression.
Dysfunctional parenting has been assumed as an important risk factor in the development
of psychological disturbances in adulthood and several studies have reported a significant correlation between
maternal PPD and altered cognitive / affective child development.16 Only a complex, clinical and multidisciplinary approach could deeply support the transition to parenthood and study results could be considered only a guidance in the assessment
of psychopathologic disturbances.Furthermore, poor attention has been paid to the
mood disturbance
of fathers and to the association between depression and anxiety.
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in paternal psychological status because it is strictly related to
maternal one and to child development.9 These few studies evidence that also fathers can be affected by this type
of mood alterations and that the transition to parenthood represents a stressor and an anxiety experience for 10 %
of fathers, 10 revaluating the paternal role in family functioning after childbirth.9 - 11