In analyzing these results, as well as other survey data, the nonprofit Center for American Progress (CAP) determined that teachers are more likely to support programs that rely on a variety
of measures of teacher performance, rather than those that rely on only one measure (such as test scores).
Because the main objective is to accurately classify teacher performance, most discussions
of measures of teacher performance focus on validity and reliability.
Not exact matches
But Jackson also found that there was another distinct cohort
of teachers who were reliably able to raise their students»
performance on his noncognitive
measure.
Over the period from 8 to 18 years, sample members were assessed on a range
of measures of cognitive and academic outcomes including
measures of child intelligence quotient;
teacher ratings
of school
performance; standardized tests
of reading comprehension, mathematics, and scholastic ability; pass rates in school leaving examinations; and leaving school without qualifications.
Table 1 shows clear and highly significant (P <.0001) tendencies for increasing duration
of breastfeeding to be associated with higher scores on
measures of cognitive ability,
teacher ratings
of performance, standardized tests
of achievement, better grades in School Certificate examinations, and lower percentages
of children leaving school without qualifications.
Associations Between Duration
of Breastfeeding and
Measures of Cognitive Ability,
Teacher Ratings
of School
Performance, Standardized Tests
of Achievement, and High School Success After Adjustment for Covariates
Associations Between Duration
of Breastfeeding and
Measures of Cognitive Ability,
Teacher Ratings
of School
Performance, Standardized Tests
of Achievement, and High School Success
Lawmakers last year agreed to linking Common Core - based testing to the results
of teacher performance evaluations, a
measure that was sought by Gov. Andrew Cuomo and linked to a boost in school aid.
A Centre for Economic
Performance report by the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) found there had been an incentive effect for those teachers gaining above - average performance related pay, but that this was offset «by a more widespread demotivating effect arising from difficulties of measuring performance fai
Performance report by the London School
of Economics and Political Science (LSE) found there had been an incentive effect for those
teachers gaining above - average
performance related pay, but that this was offset «by a more widespread demotivating effect arising from difficulties of measuring performance fai
performance related pay, but that this was offset «by a more widespread demotivating effect arising from difficulties
of measuring performance fai
performance fairly».
Alternate methods
of teacher evaluations are under discussion at the state Capitol, including a «matrix» or «grid,» which include a variety
of «boxes» or categories for
measuring educators»
performance.
Meanwhile, Cuomo's office continues to back the evaluation system as a more accurate and fair
measure of a
teachers»
performance.
The test results will still be used to
measure teachers»
performance ratings, and a spokesman for the
teachers union says until that changes, many
of the parents involved in the boycott movement will continue to opt their kids out
of the tests.
But the fallout from the budget's education
measures which Cuomo pushed for continues in Albany: Lawmakers are considering a variety
of means to reduce standardized testing in schools and the Board
of Regents is pushing back a deadline for school districts to adopt the new
teacher performance criteria for those demonstrating hardships.
The evaluation system pushed by Cuomo as part
of this 2010 re-election campaign devotes half
of a
teacher's evaluation on their students»
performance on standardized test scores that
teacher unions argue is a poor
measure of a
teacher's ability.
They implemented a rigorous
teacher evaluation system, based on multiple
measures of performance.
The education department will also have the powers to create a second test for individual school districts, if
teachers at the school don't want to use the existing standardized tests as a
measure of their
performance.
The new evaluation system will provide clear standards and significant guidance to local school districts for implementation
of teacher evaluations based on multiple
measures of performance including student achievement and rigorous classroom observations.
These patterns remained largely intact, particularly for Latino
teachers, even after considering factors such as student
performance,
teacher working conditions, and other
measures of teacher efficacy.
Critics
of NCLB's testing and accountability requirements have a litany
of complaints: The tests are inaccurate, schools and
teachers should not be responsible for the test
performance of unprepared or unmotivated students, the
measure of school inadequacy used under NCLB is misleading, the tests narrow the curriculum to what is being tested, and burdens imposed upon
teachers and administrators are excessively onerous.
None
of the studies, though, attempted to
measure fully the impact
of the policy on students who might have been motivated to work harder to avoid being held back, or on
teachers and schools; nor did they parse the effect
of student retention on overall system
performance.
Opting out adds noise to the data, which increases the amount
of variability in the
teacher performance measures because each
teacher's score is based on fewer students.
My colleague Katharine Lindquist and I used statewide data from North Carolina to simulate the impact
of opt - out on test - score - based
measures of teacher performance.
New Mexico's system also drew fire for its use
of teacher attendance as an additional
performance measure, another step that widened the spread
of ratings among
teachers.
The impact that opt - out in conjunction with this rule has on
teacher evaluations in New York in the future will depend on whether the rule remains part
of the newly revised evaluation system and on the specifications
of the
performance measures used for
teachers without growth ratings.
By employing head - mounted cameras on students, and using time - lapse photography, they say it's now possible to get a much more comprehensive perspective
of overall classroom ambience to better
measure teacher performance.
But lately, accountability has been under fire from many critics, including Common Core opponents and those calling for more multifaceted
measures of teacher and school
performance.
Granted, there are mechanisms in place to evaluate
teacher performance, but many
of these value - added
measures feel more like punch lists than professional reviews.
Question 5: How does
teacher performance assessment
measure the impact
of teachers and teams on the whole teaching / learning cycle including lesson design?
This multiple -
measures system boosts
performance among
teachers most immediately facing consequences for their ratings, and promotes higher rates
of turnover among the lowest - performing
teachers, with positive consequences for student achievement.
In particular, because schools that serve difficult populations are likely to have higher student /
teacher turnover, higher remediation rates, and lower attendance, these
measures are likely to be biased if the goal
of the system is to gauge school
performance fairly.
We look at level
of school (high school, middle school, or elementary school), total enrollment, percentage
of the student body that is white, average experience
of teachers, and school
performance, as
measured by the school's academic rank within the state.
The authors address three criticisms
of value - added (VA)
measures of teacher effectiveness that Stanford University education professor Linda Darling - Hammond and her colleagues present in a recent article: that VA estimates are inconsistent because they fluctuate over time; that
teachers» value - added
performance is skewed by student assignment, which is non-random; and that value - added ratings can't disentangle the many influences on student progress.
With every bubble
of knowledge that students darken using their # 2 pencils, our nation increases its infatuation with
measuring teachers»
performance through students» standardized test scores.
In October, a Department for Education research report into
teacher -
performance pay reforms found that, in 98 per cent
of schools, all pay progression is related to
performance and that 69 per cent
of schools use pupils» test attainment to
measure a
teacher's
performance against «the expected national level».
Ohio uses the Educational Testing Service's Praxis III
performance assessment to
measure the skills
of novice
teachers through classroom observations, interviews, and examples and descriptions
of classroom work.
The main difficulty in
measuring the effect
of teacher retirement on student achievement is that retirement decisions may both affect and be affected by student
performance.
On the basis
of these survey results, we created three
measures: (1) the principal's overall assessment
of the
teacher's effectiveness, which is a single item from the survey; (2) the
teacher's ability to improve student academic
performance, which is a simple average
of the organization, classroom management, reading achievement, and math achievement survey items; and (3) the
teacher's ability to increase student satisfaction, which is a simple average
of the role model and student satisfaction survey items.
The National Board's researchers rejected the use
of student test scores as a
measure of teacher performance, claiming, «It is not too much
of an exaggeration to state that such
measures have been cited as a cause
of all
of the nation's considerable problems in educating our youth....
If the socioeconomic status and demographic characteristics
of the classrooms taught by National Board
teachers differ from those
of noncertified
teachers,
measures of teacher quality that rely on student
performance may be biased.
For the subset
of teachers who can be linked to students, we are able to estimate value - added
measures of classroom
performance for each
teacher in each year.
The advent
of more student testing, especially the spread
of value - added
measures of pupil and school
performance, has given us both the technical ability to evaluate
teachers by the results they produce and the moral imperative to do so.
Finally and most significantly, Tennessee's RTTT package requires that
measured student achievement comprise at least 50 % (35 % based on TVAAS gains, where available)
of teacher and principal
performance assessments.
Those who want to reward
teachers on the basis
of measured performance should consider whether it is worth the trouble and expense to implement value - added assessment if the only outcome is to reward small numbers
of teachers.
While this positive response is certainly dependent on the special nature
of the objective - setting process in Denver — a process in which
teachers collaborated directly with their principals to set goals based on individually
measured baselines for the students they taught, in the subject matter they taught — this response still flies in the face
of preconceptions that
teachers fear pay for
performance based on student growth because it will harm collegial relations.
I infer the priorities
of administrators and
teachers from educational outcomes, as
measured by student
performance on the state's math test.
But not for all the usual reasons that people raise concerns: the worry about whether we've got good
measures of teacher performance, especially for instructors in subjects other than reading and math; the likelihood that tying achievement to evaluations will spur teaching to the test in ways that warp instruction and curriculum; the futility
of trying to «principal - proof» our schools by forcing formulaic, one - size - fits - all evaluation models upon all K — 12 campuses; the terrible timing
of introducing new evaluation systems at the same time that educators are working to implement the Common Core.
Not surprisingly,
teachers who are successful with students in one year tend to be successful in other years; hence,
measures of a
teacher's
performance in the past tend to be a good predictor
of how well future students assigned to that
teacher will achieve.
This approach is very similar to that employed in studies that
measure teacher quality using databases tracking the
performance of individual students over time.
Developing a system to
measure the expertise and classroom practice
of individual
teachers against the
performance standards is the next step.
TFA requires the international projects to place
teachers in full - time jobs for two years,
measure student
performance, and be independent
of their governments, among other things.