For her Ph.D., Dunbar turned her attention to the effects
of microgravity on bone strength, graduating in 1983 from the University of Houston after adding a biological science to her list of qualifications.
A study by Murray Hill Middle School in Maryland investigates the
effects of microgravity on microencapsulation, a process that could be used to help control the rate at which a drug is released in the body.
The mission, says Reichert, is «to understand the
impact of the microgravity environment on the structure, delivery method, and purification» of these types of compounds.
ACE - M - 1 testing will take advantage
of the microgravity environment of station to study how microscopic particles spread out and clump together in gels and creams.
The
challenge of microgravity also extends to biology, and a metabolic tracking project will look into how it affects various medicines.
They conducted experiments inside an Airbus A300, which flew in a series of parabolic manoeuvres that gave the students around 30 minutes
of microgravity conditions.
Even after the cells were taken out
of microgravity for up to 30 generations before being combined with the control strain, they maintained 72 per cent of their adaptive advantage, pointing to permanent mutations in the genes rather than merely a temporary adjustment.
«By taking
advantage of the microgravity conditions of the International Space Station, we hope to grow better, more uniform crystals that we are unable to grow on Earth,» said Dr. Kovalevsky.
Certain pieces of hardware can be flown in specially designed aircraft following a parabolic flight path to attain a few
seconds of microgravity.
As for that future, subcommittee chairman Bill Nelson (D - FL) and Michael Gold of Bigelow Aerospace were bullish on the future
of microgravity research for the pharmaceutical industry in particular.
CASIS's mission is to encourage «use of this unparalleled platform for innovation» — and Merck is taking this to heart by experimenting with drug development in the
realm of microgravity.
Experiments included
studies of the microgravity environment, such as growing protein crystals, and studying the basic properties of flames and liquids.
AFEx will test whether under conditions
of microgravity Indy flies exhibit less change in behavior than wildtype or «normal» control flies.
introducing SSEP curricular content for foundational instruction on: the
nature of microgravity, science conducted in microgravity, mini-laboratory operation, and experimental design
Astronauts exercise, on average, two hours a day on the station to counter
effects of microgravity on the human body, which include decreased bone density and muscular atrophy.
Among the science cargo Cygnus will transport to the space station are a study to enable the first space - based observations of meteors entering Earth's atmosphere, a multitude of student investigations covering topics such as the effects
of microgravity on plant growth and the rates of milk spoilage in space and international research including a study to determine how blood flows from the brain to the heart in the absence of gravity.
The CPG research and development team will examine the
impacts of microgravity on electroplating — the process of coating a metallic surface using an electric current.
One potential hurdle (beyond the logistical
challenges of microgravity) is the high amount of solar radiation in space — radiation exposure is 100 times as high on the International Space Station as on Earth.
Eureca, developed by the European Space Agency, highlights a dramatic change in fortune for the
science of microgravity — the study of materials and living matter in an environment where the effects of gravity are small.
The team also has to grapple with time constraints: They will have just 22
seconds of microgravity to conduct experiments that take 8 minutes on Earth.
Montachusett Regional Vocational Technical School in Massachusetts has a team monitoring the effect
of microgravity on the growth of Bacillus subtilis, also useful as an antibiotic.
Their investigation of the effect
of microgravity on the growth of mold on white bread will show the amount of mold present in dust on the station and the ground.
They will be used in a variety of medical experiments to assess the effects
of microgravity on the body.
The shuttle mission this weekend will also deploy the European Space Agency's Eureca satellite, the world's first reusable satellite for studying the effects
of microgravity (see «Making the most of weightlessness», New Scientist, 11 July).
Scientists are studying the effect
of microgravity on the response of the monocyte cells to the yeast in the Micro-8 investigation.
One potential hurdle (beyond the logistical challenges
of microgravity) is the high amount of solar radiation in space — it's 100 times more powerful on the International Space Station than on Earth.
Had she had some retirement funding, Michele Marquette might have extended by a year or two her postdoctoral studies on the effects
of microgravity on muscle at the NASA Johnson Space Center.
These individual studies range from food growth and consumption, to determining the effect
of microgravity on oxidation, to even the production of penicillin on the space station.
Mitochondria are particularly sensitive to oxidative stress and, therefore, to the effects
of microgravity and radiation in space.
«The one - year increment will expand the bounds of how we live and work in space and will increase our knowledge regarding the effects
of microgravity on humans as we prepare for future missions beyond low - Earth orbit,» said Gerstenmaier.
According to NASA, in the last 12 years of permanent human presence aboard the space station, scientists and researchers have gained valuable and often surprising data on the effects
of microgravity on bone density, muscle mass, strength, vision and other aspects of human physiology.