Sentences with phrase «of models and observations»

Take the multi-model mean of the rest of models and the observations.

The rank histogram analysis discussed in Sect. 2.2 only considers the rank ordering of models and observations, and thus information on the distances between observation and ensemble members is missing.

The IPCC Second Draft had cited four articles supposedly supporting the consistency of models and observations, three of which were also cited in the Government Draft (Mitchell et al 2012b GRL does not exist at GRL nor can an article by its title be located):

QUOTE: He has a weak discussion on the divergence of models and observations.

He has a weak discussion on the divergence of models and observations.

As I showed in my Hub, when you consider that metric, the agreement of models and observations is quite reasonable.

A more comprehensive comparison of models and observations is shown in Figure 2 of the Santer et al paper, reproduced below.

In contrast to this observational approach, Schmittner (as well as a number of other papers, like reference # 4 in this post) take advantage of both models and observations, and try to use the observations to constrain which feedback parameters in the model are consistent (e.g., an overly sensitive model with the same forcings as another model will produce too big of a temperature change than observations allow).

The same goes for Judith Curry's long exploration of the mix of modeling and observations leading to the range of possible warming projections from a doubling of pre-industry carbon dioxide concentrations.

An alternative method would be to set the average values of a short period of time of model and observations to the same value.

Not exact matches

This observation is based on our analysis of each of the fund's holdings for which we model the earnings quality and the future cash flow expectations embedded in the prices of each of the holdings.

On the other hand, induction allows us to calculate probabilities from past observations where theoretical models are unavailable, possibly because of a lack of knowledge about the underlying relation between cause and effect.

Instead we will adopt a view that we will call model - dependent realism: the idea that a physical theory or world picture is a model (generally of a mathematical nature) and a set of rules that connect the elements of the model to observations.

Science quantifies, classifies and models our observations of reality.

That said, the case has been made that if the Christian god exists, then «God should be detectable by scientific means simply by virtue of the fact that he is supposed to play such a central role in the operation of the universe and the lives of humans», with the conclusion that» [e] xisting scientific models contain no place where God is included as an ingredient in order to describe observations.»

Other indications of evolution are too numerous to actually list in full, but a few might be the clear genetic distinction between Neanderthals and modern man; the overlapping features of hominid and pre-hominid fossil forms; the progressive order of the fossil record (that is, first fish, then amphibians, then reptiles, then mammals, then birds; contradicting the Genesis order and all flood models); the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct species (including distributions of parasitic genetic elements like Endogenous Retroviruses); the real time observations of speciation in the lab and in the wild; the real time observations of novel functionality in the lab and wild (both genetic, Lenski's E. coli, and organsimal, the Pod Mrcaru lizards); the observation of convergent evolution defeating arguments of common component creationism (new world v. old world vultures for instance); and... well... I guess you get the picture.

The theoretical terms of the calculus obtain their meaning indirectly from the observation terms and not from the model.

Some, such as the «double - helix» model of the DNA molecule, are closer to observations and can be taken more literally.

A theoretical model, then, is an imagined mechanism or process, postulated by analogy with familiar mechanisms or processes and used to construct a theory to correlate a set of observations.

This dataset contains millions of genomic sequences from a diverse set of rice varieties that, when combined with phenotyping observations, gene expression, and other information, provides an important step in establishing gene - trait associations, building predictive models, and applying these models to breeding.

Six models showed favourable effects on primary outcome measures (e.g., standardized measures of child development outcomes and reduction in behaviour problems).13 Only studies with outcomes using direct observation, direct assessment, or administrative records were included.

The programs that were identified as having promise for implementation were kangaroo care, infant message, guided observation of child behaviour with modelling and parent - child interaction time along with parent group discussion / support.

Covering the period since 1950, the researchers show how the science has leaped ahead thanks to computerisation, mathematical modelling and new technologies of observation.

Working together, they will develop and test a variety of learning experiences in which students use online simulations to model energy - releasing and energy - requiring reactions, analyze and interpret data to make predictions about energy phenomena, and use evidence from their own observations or from simplified versions of scientific articles to explain phenomena and construct and critique arguments.

By validating model results against geological observations, the study indicates that changes in runoff, sea level and wave energy have profoundly affected the past evolution of the Great Barrier Reef not only in regard to reefs evolution but also sediment fate from source - to - sink.

They tested high - performance computational models against known geological and geophysical observations of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and demonstrated that a drip of lithospheric material below the surface can account for the measured elevation changes across the region.

One near - term step researchers could take, it says, «is defining the scale and scope of observations and modeling capabilities necessary to detect the signal of any future field experiments» of geoengineering techniques, and ways «to evaluate their consequences.

«Using Streptozotocin - induced type I diabetes and cornea epithelial wounding experimental models, we made novel observations that may soon lead to innovative therapies to treat DPN and ulcerations of the cornea and skin in diabetic patients,» said Yu.

Computer modeling and satellite observations suggest that these tiny particles can increase storm - cloud cover over certain regions of the North Pacific by 20 to 50 percent, enough to alter storm tracks in some cases.

Starting from the observation that the properties of water seem to appear fine - tuned, a collaboration between Dr John Russo from the University of Bristol's School of Mathematics and Professor Hajime Tanaka from the University of Tokyo, harnessed the power of powerful supercomputers, using computational models to slowly «untune» water's interactions.

Previous research has suggested a connection between coal - burning and the Sahel drought, but this was the first study that used decades of historical observations to find that this drought was part of a global shift in tropical rainfall, and then used multiple climate models to determine why.

Combining observations from satellites and ground stations with climate models, they evaluated different factors that affect telescope vision, such as the amount of water vapour, wind speeds and atmospheric turbulence.

They also used a physically based computer model of the hydrologic cycle, which takes daily weather observations and computes the snow accumulation, melting, and runoff to estimate the total snowpack in the western U.S.

Mausumi Dikpati and her colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo., used new observations of the sun's interior and new computer simulations to model the flow of plasma, or electrically charged gas, that carry the sunspots like a conveyor belt until they become powerful enough to burst free and erupt on the sun's surface.

The model matches the observations of slow - moving nebulae by Romanowsky's team, Dekel says, because telescopes would see most of the nebulae at the farthest and slowest points of their long orbits.

A detailed ozone model budget analysis was performed with simultaneous observations of O3, HCl, H2O, CH4, NO, and NO2 from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) under conditions with the strongest photochemical control of ozone.

The meters produce data for the estimation and development of calculated flow models, and the observations are also part of the Gulf of Finland 2014 research,» points out the tour leader, Riikka Hietala, Head of Group from the Finnish Meteorological Institute.

Without any detailed observations of what reionization looked like, many models of the early universe «just kind of pick one time and say, «The universe is reionized now!»

Survey data gathered voluntarily from homeless youth in Los Angeles, as well as behavioral theories and observations of previous interventions, were used to build a computational model of the interventions.

The CRaTER observations have validated the models and the ground - based measurements, meaning that lightweight shielding materials could safely be used for long missions, provided their structural properties can be made adequate to withstand the rigors of spaceflight.

Two of the major projects for this IPY will be the creation of permanent permafrost observations and an expansion of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX), a model experiment that uses easily constructed greenhouses to artificially warm portions of the tundra.

Nadeau also studies the potential impacts of climate change on species around the globe, using modeling, field observation and experiments to predict where species are most vulnerable and determine how conservation groups can best mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on animal populations.

Mission leaders were relieved and eager to begin their studies of cloud and haze effects, which «constitute the largest uncertainties in our models of future climate — that's no exaggeration,» says Jens Redemann, an atmospheric scientist at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, and the principal investigator for ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their IntEractionS (ORACLES).

«There have been some idealized studies using models, and even some indirect observations off the ice shelves, suggesting that El Niño might significantly affect some of these shelves, but we had no actual ice - shelf observations.

The authors then modelled counts of golden eagle observations based on land cover and other environmental factors.

And if enough people send in data, NASA researchers creating models of Earth's energy budget — the balance between the energy our planet receives from the sun and sends back out into space — could also analyze the observatioAnd if enough people send in data, NASA researchers creating models of Earth's energy budget — the balance between the energy our planet receives from the sun and sends back out into space — could also analyze the observatioand sends back out into space — could also analyze the observations.

Bajcsy uses non-invasive observations of movement and devises algorithms to model the features and properties of patients» movements, known as kinematics.

Much of this research builds on the past work of the team members, and the modeling results help put together some of the observations that seemed contradictory.

NOAA's Coral Reef Watch uses satellite observations of sea surface temperatures and modeling to monitor and forecast when water temperatures rise enough to cause bleaching.

The most difficult thing here is the construction of reliable models based on our current studies and observations.