Ivan Del Duca, the studio's technical director, has strong views about the use
of neural nets in creating its upcoming racers.
«His paper was basically the foundation of the second wave
of neural nets,» says LeCun.
If you think
of this neural net as a sequence of steps, where you're processing information at each step and feeding it to the next one, then one of the goals from the algorithmic standpoint is to reduce that to the smallest number of steps yet get the same results.
As the PR2 moves its joints and manipulates objects, the algorithm calculates good values for the 92,000 parameters
of the neural net it needs to learn.
Even less is known about the assembly
of the neural net within the mouse olfactory system, which, in the end, enables the individual to distinguish one smell from another with astonishing specificity and to remember such distinctions over time.
Not exact matches
Having studied experimental psychology as an undergraduate at Cambridge, Hinton was enthusiastic about
neural nets, which were software constructs that took their inspiration from the way networks
of neurons in the brain were thought to work.
What's changed is that today computer scientists have finally harnessed both the vast computational power and the enormous storehouses
of data — images, video, audio, and text files strewn across the Internet — that, it turns out, are essential to making
neural nets work well.
Despite all the strides, in the mid-1990s
neural nets fell into disfavor again, eclipsed by what were, given the computational power
of the times, more effective machine - learning tools.
Neural nets offered the prospect
of computers» learning the way children do — from experience — rather than through laborious instruction by programs tailor - made by humans.
The most remarkable thing about
neural nets is that no human being has programmed a computer to perform any
of the stunts described above.
At the time,
neural nets were out
of favor.
We already know that
neural nets work well for image recognition, observes Vijay Pande, a Stanford professor who heads Andreessen Horowitz's biological investments unit, and «so much
of what doctors do is image recognition, whether we're talking about radiology, dermatology, ophthalmology, or so many other «- ologies.»»
With deep learning, organizations can feed enormous quantities
of data into so - called
neural nets designed to loosely mimic the way the human brain understands information.
Brin then shared an anecdote: A few years ago, he underestimated and largely disregarded Google's research into artificial intelligence, believing that the concept
of «
neural nets» had been proven infeasible back in the 1990s.
With deep learning, researchers can feed huge amounts
of data into software systems called
neural nets that learn to recognize patterns within the vast information faster than humans.
Now, its
neural net (where all the algorithms work together like a brain's neurons) can «reinforce» its learning model with chords and melodies to influence the complexity
of the final compositions.
To make sense
of all
of this data, a new onboard computer with over 40 times the computing power
of the previous generation runs the new Tesla - developed
neural net for vision, sonar and radar processing software.
The first thing many
of us think about when it comes to the future relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and cybersecurity is Skynet — the fictional
neural net - based group mind from the «Terminator» movie franchise.
It's kind
of chilling when you begin to suspect that such things are explainable as perhaps inevitable consequences
of being the kind
of creatures that we are — that we might point to some part
of the brain and say it resides there as nothing more than a convoluted
net of neural circuits.
And since the brain stores memories in the strength
of connections between neurons, inside the
neural net itself, it requires no energy - draining bus.
The signals leap from the axons across a synapse, or gap, to the dendrites
of the next nerve cell in the
neural net.
Just as the
neural net revival was picking up steam, Modha entered India's premier engineering school, the Indian Institute
of Technology in Bombay.
«It's very difficult to find out why [a
neural net] made a particular decision,» says Alan Winfield, a robot ethicist at the University
of the West
of England Bristol.
This flexibility allows
neural nets to outperform other forms
of machine learning — which are limited by their relative simplicity — and sometimes even humans.
What makes today's deep
neural nets at once powerful and capricious is their ability to find patterns in huge amounts
of data.
Sure, you could, in theory, look under the hood and review every position
of every knob — that is, every parameter — in AlphaGo's artificial brain, but even a programmer would not glean much from these numbers because their «meaning» (what drives a
neural net to make a decision) is encoded in the billions
of diffuse connections between nodes.
«[Deep
neural nets] can be really good but they can also fail in mysterious ways,» says Anders Sandberg, a senior research fellow at the University
of Oxford's Future
of Humanity Institute.
For example, by carving up an image
of a cat and feeding a
neural net the pieces one at a time, a programmer can get a good idea
of which parts — tail, paws, fur patterns or something unexpected — lead the computer to make a correct classification.
Neural nets process information by passing it through a hierarchy
of interconnected layers, somewhat akin to the brain's biological circuitry.
This is an artificial
neural net existing
of several layers and determining over nine million parameters.
By tuning the knobs to satisfy millions
of examples, the
neural net creates a structured set
of relationships — a model — that can classify new images or perform actions under conditions it has never encountered before.
«Deep»
nets contain anywhere from three to hundreds
of layers, the last
of which distills all
of this
neural activity into a singular prediction: This is a picture
of a cat, for example.
You can now hold
neural nets in the palm
of your hand.
«The
neural networks we tested — three publicly available
neural nets and one that we developed ourselves — were able to determine the properties
of each lens, including how its mass was distributed and how much it magnified the image
of the background galaxy,» said the study's lead author Yashar Hezaveh, a NASA Hubble postdoctoral fellow at KIPAC.
There aren't yet any instruments that can measure what a large, complicated
neural net is doing in detail, especially while it is part
of a living brain, so scientists have to find indirect ways
of testing their ideas about what's going on in there.
«In some domains
neural nets are actually superhuman, like they're beating human performance,» says Anish Athalye, a Massachusetts Institute
of Technology graduate student who researches AI.
The trained
neural nets performed with 90 % and 96 % accuracy respectively (or 94 % and 99 % if the most challenging specimens were discarded), confirming that deep learning is a useful and important technology for the future analysis
of digitized museum collections.
This paper builds on research from Bengio's lab on a more biologically plausible way to train
neural nets and an algorithm developed by Lillicrap that further relaxes some
of the rules for training
neural nets.
Neural nets are intrinsically probabilistic: An object - recognition system fed an image
of a small dog, for instance, might conclude that the image has a 70 percent probability
of representing a dog and a 25 percent probability
of representing a cat.
Contestants could feed the program their own sound files and analyze the
neural net's simulated bursts
of activity, or they could look at archived responses to sound files that Brody and Hopfield had presented to the
neural net.
During training, a
neural net continually readjusts thousands
of internal parameters until it can reliably perform some task, such as identifying objects in digital images or translating text from one language to another.
But on their own, the final values
of those parameters say very little about how the
neural net does what it does.
Once the system includes more neurons and the kinks are worked out, it could supply data centers, autonomous cars, and national security services with
neural nets that are orders
of magnitude faster than existing designs, while using orders
of magnitude less power, according to the study's two primary authors, Yichen Shen, a physicist, and Nicholas Harris, an electrical engineer, both at MIT.
Scientists have used optical equipment to build simple
neural nets, but these setups required tabletops full
of sensitive mirrors and lenses.
The DeepMind team also tried its
neural net on a language - based task, in which it received sets
of statements such as, «Sandra picked up the football» and «Sandra went to the office.»
«Compared to conventional
neural probes, the much - reduced dimensions
of our
NET - e probes allow us to implant the devices at previously unattainable high densities without damage to brain tissue,» Wei tells nanotechweb.org.
But the development
of «
neural nets» have enabled breakthroughs in machine learning, and there's hope that driverless cars will carry image identification software that can distinguish a motorcycle from a bicycle and a pedestrian from an orangutan that's just escaped from the local zoo.
An endless array
of allusions springs to mind — shredded fishnet stockings, spider webs, hammocks,
neural pathways, nomadic dwellings, acrobatic safety
nets, kids» makeshift forts, the flight patterns
of pigeons, river systems, air traffic control maps, the electrical grid, and so on.
A reminder that Tsonis et all using a
neural net model to simulate chaos and the behavior
of ocean currents, give predictions for the next century.
How exactly did the Coca Cola Company plan to accomplish the huge task
of being a «
net - carbon
neural sponsor»?