Sentences with phrase «of neuron cell bodies»

Women have more gray matter — areas of neuron cell bodies.

Not exact matches

That means that the stem - cell therapies have to be converted into whatever cell they're meant to be (heart - muscle cells, neurons, and so forth) before going into the body, rather than using different kinds of stem cells to treat the condition.

I would seem to be identical with the history of the assemblage of cells that includes my neurons; my action, in the same way, would seem to be identical with everything that is happening in my body while I perform it.

«Once it's depolarized, a neuron releases a neurotransmitter, which starts the communication from one cell to another, moving from the periphery of the body to the central nervous system.»

Further study revealed that these so - called immune proteins are actually present on the surface of certain nerve cells, but that they functioned differently in the brain than they did in the rest of the body; rather than scouting for germs, they influenced signals sent between neurons.

In another neuron called a chandelier cell (above), vertical branches of its signal - sending axon, which serves to quiet other cells, dangle around the cell body.

Growing to just one millimeter in length, these simple creatures have only 302 neurons, or nerve cells, in their bodies, a tiny fraction of the 80 billion or so neurons in the human brain.

A neuron called a pyramidal cell, for instance, has a bushy branch of dendrites (orange in 3 - D computer reconstruction, above) reaching up from its cell body (white circle).

Action potentials can be created by many types of cells, but are used most extensively by the nervous system for communication between neurons and to transmit information from neurons to other body tissues such as muscles and glands.

Here, three mouse neurons are each tinted a different color, so that the surfaces of their cell bodies, dendrites, and axons are visible.

And the cells in our body differ from one another — serving as neurons, white blood cells, smell sensors, and so on — largely because they activate different sets of genes and thus produce different mixtures of proteins.

Motor neurons, or nerve cells, in the brain and spinal cord control the function of muscles throughout the body.

When a branch at one end of a nerve cell, or neuron, is stimulated, an electric pulse races toward the main body of the cell.

And because carotid - body cells make lots of dopamine, they might be able to make up for the loss of the normal dopamine - producing neurons.

Photo of a living Brainbow zebrafish, taken by Zachary Tobias (a research technician in Weissman - Unni's lab), showing a brightly labeled neuron with its cell body (white) at bottom.

In an accompanying paper in the same issue of Cell, Dillin also reports that stressing neurons in the brain makes them release a hormone, serotonin, that sends alert messages throughout the body that the brain cells are under attack, setting off a similar stress response in cells far from the brain.

In the current study, Lasmézas and her team looked at cell cultures of neurons that were induced to accumulate fibrils made of misfolded α - synuclein, mimicking Lewy bodies in patients with Parkinson's.

Now a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reveals that the support cells dubbed astrocytes (because of their star - shaped bodies) form the link between neurons and blood vessels, as reported in the July 7 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The cell culture experiments showed that MAbs prevented the uptake of misfolded α - syn fibrils by neurons and sharply reduced the recruitment of natural α - syn into new Lewy body aggregates.

Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies recently found that the DNA sequence in human neurons can vary not only from that of the rest of the body but even from one brain cell to the next.

Specifically, stem cell scientists at McMaster can now directly convert adult human blood cells to both central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) neurons as well as neurons in the peripheral nervous system (rest of the body) that are responsible for pain, temperature and itch perception.

They then added signalling molecules to make the stem cells develop into motor neurons, the cells that carry signals to and from the spinal cord to the rest of the body.

Circled green spots are the cell bodies of two dNPF neurons, one in each hemisphere of the fruit fly brain.

Olfactory cells in the nose are unusual in that they are part of the body's outer layer, or epithelium, but also part of the nervous system, incorporating neurons that connect directly with the smell centers in the brain.

Last year, a team led by Harvard Medical School genetics professor Susan Dymecki defined a subgroup of serotonergic neurons in mice by showing that those cells specifically, among all serotonergic neurons, were responsible for increasing the breathing rate when too much carbon dioxide builds up in the body.

Dendrites, which branch from the cell body of the neuron, play a key role in the communication between cells of the nervous system, allowing for many neurons to connect with each other.

Lou Gehrig's disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, attacks muscle - controlling nerve cells — motor neurons — in the brain, brainstem and spinal cord, leading to progressive weakness and eventual paralysis of muscles throughout the body.

These electrically charged chemicals accumulate at the receptor nodules of antenna - like dendrites and activate the cell body, which in turn shoots an electric signal down the neuron's output wire, the axon.

These research findings deliver new insight into the neuronal control of movement termination in vertebrates: «Stop cells» are brainstem neurons that affect neural networks in the medulla as command neurons and quickly end body activity.

Exposing the ganglion to dibutyryl cyclic AMP or injecting cyclic AMP into the cell body enhances the synaptic action of a sensory neuron.

Intriguingly, brain cells (neurons) with decreased complex I levels are significantly less likely to contain Lewy bodies, the abnormal protein - aggregates that characterize Parkinson's disease,» says researcher Charalampos Tzoulis at Department of Clinical Science, UiB.

When neurons are dissociated, which has been the standard approach for studying latency until now, the cell bodies with their axons are jumbled together, making it impossible to mimic the natural route of nervous system invasion via isolated axons.

How Huntington's disease causes wasting In an accompanying paper in the same issue of Cell, Dillin also reports that stressing neurons in the brain makes them release a hormone, serotonin, that sends alert messages throughout the body that the brain cells are under attack, setting off a similar stress response in cells far from the brain.

US scientists have successfully generated hypothalamic - like neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) taken from the blood and skin cells of super-obese individuals and people with a normal body weight.

by Paroma Basu Scientists grow critical nerve cells MADISON, WI — January 31, 2005 — After years of trial and error, scientists have coaxed human embryonic stem cells to become spinal motor neurons, critical nervous system pathways that relay messages from the brain to the rest of the body.

Using Acks as a neural activity marker, we demonstrated that neural activity in the mushroom bodies, especially in Class II Kenyon cells, one subtype of mushroom body intrinsic neurons, and a restricted area between the dorsal lobes and the optic lobes was increased in the brains of Japanese honeybee workers involved in the formation of a hot defensive bee ball.

Our goal is to use a new imaging system to monitor damage caused by AD to the brain region that contains the insulated axons (analogous to cables) connecting the neuron cell bodies (analogous to the central processing unit of a computer).

In neurons, new mitochondria are made in the cell body, migrate out to the tippy end by being moved along by ATP powered motors along the outside of the axon.

He used an assortment of anatomical tracing techniques to label neurons in their entirety — a cell body with a long axon extending out in one direction and the branched tendrils of dendrites protruding from the other.

We are using these new tools to image the structural features of individual cells, such as the cell body and the axons of the cells, which are long fibers that extend from each neuron, together forming the optic nerve that transmits visual information to the brain.

• Keeping abnormal proteins from building up and potentially shutting down major organs (heart, liver and nervous system, to name a few) • Protecting the brain's functions of learning and memory against neurotransmitter toxicity • Activating or increasing the activity of proteins that promote the initial growth, maintenance and survival of brain neurons • Enhancing the movement of proteins, lipids and other cell parts through the cytoplasm of cell bodies.

ALS usually strikes between the ages of 40 and 75, ravaging the body's motor neurons — nerve cells that control muscle movement.

A. WT astrocytes (green) secrete factors that promote the development of healthy neurons (green): neuron has a large central cell body, extends many long thin dendritic processes, and receives numerous syaptic connections (black).

Stained for Futsch (green, segmented sensory neurons and dispersed cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord) and Ank2 - L (magenta, segmented ventral nerve cord and a subset of sensory neurons).

At 5 weeks post injury / transplantation, NeuN + neuron cell bodies were counted in laminae 4 to 9 on the injured, right hand side of the spinal cord (Tables 1 and 2).

In some instances of damage to the nigrastriatal axis, such as methamphetamine toxicity, the cell bodies of SNpc dopaminergic neurons remain alive while their nerve terminals in the striatum degenerate (Ricaurte et al., 1982).

The average brain contains 80 - 90 billion neurons, the cell bodies of which form «gray matter.»

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

At this stage animals are large enough such that the cell bodies of motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord are well spaced, making it less ambiguous in deciding if presumptive gap junction puncta are associated with a particular motor neuron.

A chemical called leptin — one of the body's hormones — relays that signal to important brain cells called neurons.