Therefore, efforts are now being made to enable women with this disease to bear healthy children by
means of nuclear transfer.
Since Dolly, several university laboratories and companies have used various modifications
of the nuclear transfer technique to produce cloned mammals, including cows, pigs, monkeys, mice and Noah.
The thread to follow here is that the
invention of nuclear transfer technology — the means to move genes between cells and also backward in time — started the countdown to human reproductive cloning.
The 14 - judge panel ruled that the term «human embryo» in the European Patent Directive covers «any human ovum after fertilization» as well as the
product of a nuclear transfer experiment or a parthenote — an unfertilized egg that is prompted to start dividing.
The
majority of nuclear transfers in animals don't take, or they produce fetuses that abort at high rates, or they deliver creatures misshapen and sick.
Alan Colman, research director, PPL: I had come from a
background of nuclear transfer with John Gurdon [a developmental biologist at the University of Cambridge, UK].
While Gurdon's tadpoles did not survive to grow into adult frogs, his experiment showed that the process of specialization in animal cells was reversible, and his technique
of nuclear transfer paved the way for later cloning successes.
The
history of nuclear transfer and its potential relevance to cell replacement exemplifies the principle, so often seen in many previous Lasker Awards.