Sentences with phrase «of nucleotide changes»

To determine if positive selection has played a role in Boule evolution, we compared the ratio of the rate of nucleotide changes that result in a non-synonymous amino acid substitution (Ka) to the rate of nucleotide changes that cause a synonymous amino acid substitution (Ks).

Not exact matches

To string millions and billions of nucleotides into a sequence that makes living beings able to live and reproduced, and then say, «Well TIME (little god), made that possible through many, many small changes over time», is also a lot of faith.

Interestingly, the ratios of each of the components change throughout the day to offer the most energy during the daylight hours and the highest concentrations of sleep - inducing nucleotides during nighttime feeding, so if a mama is pumping and storing breastmilk, it's important to label the time of day the milk was pumped to avoid giving the more stimulating daytime milk at night!

The increase, observed as early as 60 seconds after the addition of corticotropin - releasing factor, suggests that changes in the intracellular concentration of the cyclic nucleotide coincide with or precede the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in response to corticotropin - releasing factor.

The Human Genome Project, which sequenced the 3 billion pairs of nucleotide bases in human DNA, was a piece of cake in comparison: Epigenetic markers and patterns are different in every tissue type in the human body and also change over time.

Alpha -1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) is the most common genetic disease of the liver, and is caused by a single nucleotide change in the gene that codes for alpha -1-antitrypsin (A1AT), an enzyme inhibitor that normally protects bodily tissues.

To generate the models, Jackson created two mutated versions of the PrP - coding gene by changing a single codon — one of the three - nucleotide «words» in genes that code for the various amino acids in proteins.

The research team's hunt for such age - related genetic associations involved studying more than 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms — changes of one nucleotide for another at a particular spot in the DNA — in 2,693 individuals.

All three teams found sections of DNA — haplotypes — that differed and ultimately pinpointed a single - letter difference that changed the amino - acid content of complement factor H. HapMap researchers say that refining the map further will speed up such discoveries, and they plan to release a new version this month that will include 4 million single - nucleotide variants.

The team found that a mutation in a single pair of nucleotides in the gene causes seed coat permeability — that is, a change in one pair out of the approximately 1 billion base pairs that make up the soybean genome.

Their trouble with language had been caused by the change of a single nucleotide of DNA — just one letter in the genetic sequence.

Further study showed that the region of human DNA that contained the single nucleotide change associated with blondness specifically affected the expression of KITLG only in hair follicles.

When a Y chromosome is passed from father to son, the chance that a specific single nucleotide will change from, say, T (thymine) to A (adenine) is on the order of one in a few tens of millions.

Mutation means a change in DNA through, for example, substitution or insertion [of nucleotides].

The vast majority of them have the same identical nucleotide change.

For the analyses, Thompson and his colleagues looked for single - letter (nucleotide base) changes in DNA that correspond to the sizes of key brain regions.

Imagine the consequences if some of those piddly nucleotide changes arose in a protein that happened to be a transcription factor: Suddenly, instead of activating 23 different genes, the protein might charge up 21 or 25 of them — or it might turn on the usual 23 but in different ratios than normal.

In this example, changing a single DNA nucleotide from A to T creates the amino acid serine instead of the expected arginine.

RNA editing changes one of the information - carrying subunits of RNA from the nucleotide adenosine to one called inosine.

Synonymous single - nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not produce altered coding sequences, and therefore they are not expected to change the function of the protein in which they occur.

Silent mutations occur when the change of a single DNA nucleotide within a protein - coding portion of a gene does not affect the sequence of amino acids that make up the gene's protein.

This construct was used to introduce the corresponding human FOP mutation R206H and the constitutive active variant of the receptor Q207D by Site - Directed Mutagenesis (QuikChange, Stratagene) using the following primer pairs (with lower - case letters indicating the nucleotides changed relative to wild - type Acvr1 sequence): R206H - chAcvr1 - fwd, 5 ′ - GCAAAGAACAGTGGCTCaCCAGATCACGCTTGTGG - 3 ′ and R206H - chAcvr1 - rev, 5 ′ - CCACAAGCGTGATCTGGtGAGCCACTGTTCTTTGC - 3 ′; chAcvr1 - ca - Q207D - fwd, 5 ′ - GCAAAGAACAGTGGCTCGCgAcATCACGCTTGTGGAGTG - 3 ′ and chAcvr1 - ca - Q207D - rev, 5 ′ - CACTCCACAAGCGTGATgTcGCGAGCCACTGTTCTTTGC - 3 ′).

The assembly and analysis of human tumor cell genomes, many of which contain chromosome deletions, duplications and insertions, as well as single nucleotide changes, requires immense data storage capacity and high - speed computation.

According to Rothstein, researchers knew that the C9orf72 mutation, rather than changing one building block of DNA to another, caused a stretch of six DNA nucleotides to repeat hundreds of times.

The largest numbers of variants identified by genome - wide association are copy - number changes, which have a greater phenotypic effect than do single nucleotide polymorphisms.

The C to A nucleotide change in exon 3 of A / J (SNP rs29358506) mice causes a nonconservative amino acid change, from histidine (H) to asparagine (N) at position 55 of the protein (H55N).

A single disabling change — an alteration of one nucleotide — was found in the TRAPPC9 gene in all three girls.

First, Dr. Shendure described some interesting experiments under way in his lab to elucidate the function of non-coding regulatory variants — specifically, single nucleotide changes in the core promoter that alter gene transcription.

Molecular evolutionary analysis of the entire coding sequence in the eight representative mammalian species: Monotremes (platypus), Marsupials (opossum) and Eutherians (mouse, rat, dog, rhesus monkey, chimpanzee and human), revealed no excessive non-synonymous nucleotide changes in comparison with synonymous changes.

The sequence data easily can be used to identify single nucleotide deletion, insertion, polymorphism and translocation and copy a number of changes on the DNA level.

Topics include neutral theory of molecular evolution, rates and patterns of change in nucleotide sequences and proteins, molecular phylogenetics, and genome evolution.

For a variation to be called a minority SNP, the nucleotide change had to be identical to the cell line - associated SNP, with a minimum coverage of 30 and minimum variant frequency of 3 % at that position.

In a proof of principle study, we found that a previously undescribed single nucleotide polymorphism in the binding domain of the erythrocyte binding like protein (EBL) conferred a dramatic change in red blood cell invasion in mutant rodent malaria parasites Plasmodium yoelii.

Kazuko Nishikura, Ph.D., discovered a mechanism of RNA regulation through which cells can make discrete changes in the sequence of nucleotides — the «letters» in the RNA code, ultimately affecting the protein product.

These modifications of the genome range from single - base changes (single - nucleotide variants) to insertions or deletions of a few bases (indels) to chromosomal rearrangements and occur during the whole life, starting from the first division of the embryo.

In addition to the large CNV mutations they had spotted earlier, they also found de novo changes in single base pairs of DNA — known as single - nucleotide variants (SNVs)-- and small de novo insertions or deletions in chromosomes, all of which made the picture even more complex.

Derivatives of this basic construct included removal of the alternative exon 4 by deleting an Nhe I / Apa I fragment (nucleotides 12,259 — 12,543; Figure 3D); replacement of the genomic region covering exons 2 — 6 with the corresponding cDNA sequence (Sal I to Nco I; nucleotides 14,412 — 11,736; Figure 3E) plus additional upstream sequence to allow for recombination with F56B12 (to the Xho I site at nucleotide 15,574); and introduction of a Met to Leu mutation (M121L, ATG to CTG) by PCR amplification with primers that included the sequence change (nucleotides 11,968 — 11,970; Figure 3F).

In addition, a structural change of a single nucleotide unit can produce a corresponding change in the amino acid sequence of a protein molecule.

They are commercially produced from hydrolyzed yeasts which undergo multiple chemical changes in order to allow extraction of the nucleotides, including heating to denature proteins, cell wall proteolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis and dehydration.