Regarding «reverse engineering» it seems we have a number
of observable variables for say the most recent 30 year window, including the «plateau».
In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that one can not assign, with full precision, values for certain pairs
of observable variables, including the position and momentum, of a single particle at the same time even in theory.
To achieve that, it can be helpful to identify an empirical relationship between the inter-model spread
of an observable variable (hereafter named A) and the inter-model responses B to a given radiative perturbation.
Not exact matches
For instance, the same second - order differential equation is applicable to the vibratory oscillations
of a pendulum, an electric circuit, and a violin string, but neither the
observable variables nor the theoretical concepts have anything else in common.
In each case the model aided the formulation
of the equations
of the theory and also suggested rules
of correspondence between certain theoretical terms and
observable variables.
We have in recent years witnessed a number
of new theoretical schemes — or attempts to revive old schemes in which collective, behavioral,
observable variables predominate: ecological theories, economistic models, market metaphors, notions
of moral order and moral economy, and cybernetic and behaviorist approaches, to name a few.
In summary, Hispanic award probability differentials were explained by
variables added in Models 4 and 5, but none
of the
observable characteristics in Models 1 to 5 fully explained the differential for Asians or blacks.
Since we used statistical models that included many
observable school -, teacher -, and class - level
variables — such as school and class size, teachers» levels
of education and experience, and schools» demographic makeup — it is clear that the things that make schools and teachers effective defy easy measurement.
The
observable signs
of intervertebral disk disease can be quite
variable.
So actually, a direct test
of (34) is to go where condensation occurs and calculate the
observable variables in the equation to see if they match (we did several such examples).
a direct test
of (34) is to go where condensation occurs and calculate the
observable variables in the equation to see if they match (we did several such examples).
The discussion there is based on 1 - dimensitonal radiative transfer without explicit expression
of scattering, however, and the numbers shown there can not be directly translated to
variables observable in the real world.
And, through a transformation
of state
variables, you can reduce the expansion to a smaller set
of ODEs, with a nonlinear relationship for the
observable, with well separated resonant frequencies in the model.
If the
observable outcome (temperature increase, independent
variable) is the result
of a) manmade forcings plus b) non manmade forcings; and if admittedly non manmade forcings are not well enough to well embody them in the models (scenario or what if sensitivity models not forecasting models), the answer (by definition) it's not possible to put a number on the probability / likelihood
of manmade causes.
Given an ensemble
of models from which an
observable variable takes the mean value m 1 = 0 (without loss
of generality) and standard deviation s 1, and an observation
of this
variable which takes the value m 2 with associated uncertainty s 2, the observation is initially at a normalised distance m 2 / s 1 from the ensemble mean.
On the other hand, as we have seen, the testing
of a theory involves the identification
of its
variables with some «true»
observable variables.