Sentences with phrase «of ocean layers»

3) heating of the rest of the ocean layers.

The team fed this wealth of information into a model that estimates the mixing of ocean layers.

The team thinks much of the ocean layer is likely a partially molten slurry or matrix with a mix of molten and solid rock.

Temperatures measured by the ARGO floats and the XBTs before them are rising in the raw data, and the ocean heat content (OHC) is simply observed temperature change scaled by the thermal mass of the ocean layer in question - not some kind of complex model.

Not exact matches

They are normally found in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas.

Now the flood is supposed to have happened about 4361 years ago (2013)[1] so that means that if we go down that number of layers we should find on or about that layer evidence of the flood in the form of dead plankton, salt, and other ocean detritus.

Evaporation from the ocean waters can also lower the density of the air close to the surface to the point that it can not mix with the air layer above it.

This tidal energy produces more than enough internal heat to create a global water ocean, possibly as thick in places as 50 kilometers, buried under an outer layer of ice a few kilometers thick.

The sediment layers contain fossils of very tiny ocean creatures.

The shrimp represent centimeter - sized swimmers, including krill and shrimplike copepods, found throughout the world's oceans that may together be capable of mixing ocean layers — and delivering nutrient - rich deep waters to phytoplankton, or microscopic marine plants, near the surface, the researchers suggest.

When they died, their shells sank to the bottom of the ocean, making the layers Meckler saw in the core.

When slabs of Earth's crust sink into the mantle layer below, they drag ocean water with them.

When the newly multiplied bacteria died, they fell to the floor of those ocean shallows, stacking up layer by layer to decay and enrich the mud with phosphorus.

He set out to explore whether a layer of ice covering early Earth's oceans might have gathered and assembled organic molecules.

While most scientists were focusing on the possibility of life in Europa's ocean, he and Bada had been talking about what biochemistry might happen in the 10 - mile - thick layer of ice atop the ocean.

Their research remedies a problem that has plagued scientists for decades: ocean - observing satellites are incredibly powerful tools, but they can only «see» the surface layer of the ocean, leaving most of its depths out of reach.

«So if I have this depression at the south pole, and I have beneath the surface 50 kilometers down a layer of water or an ocean, that layer of water at depth is a positive mass anomaly.

Instead of submerging the 45 - ton carcass in the ocean, where tidal movements and sea creatures could clean the bones — as was done with the blue whale — the museum's restoration team buried the sperm whale for three months in a 60 - ton layer cake of hay mixed with bacteria - rich horse and elephant manure, procured from local farmers and an obliging zoo.

The rising temperatures cause layers of ocean water to stratify so the more oxygen - rich surface waters are less able to mix with oxygen - poor waters from the deeper ocean.

Scientists are debating whether the break in the cloud layer above the volcano is related to the eruption or simply the result of the normal way that ocean air dries as it moves over an island.

«This ocean drilling expedition will for the first time drill scientific boreholes within the sediments entering this subduction zone, including the layer of sediment that eventually develops into the earthquake - generating fault,» Professor Henstock explained.

The die - off is due to a combination of rising sea surface temperatures and decreased ocean circulation between the higher and lower layers, Boyce says.

This information is critical to understanding the depth of the spray layer above the ocean surface and the overall impact of spray on storm intensity.

The Antarctic ice sheet, the thick layer of ice covering much of the continent, is anchored in place by its floating fringe, shelves of ice that jut out into the surrounding ocean.

Last year, a study published in Science Advances found that the oceans have been steadily storing more heat since the 1980s and that deeper layers of the ocean are starting to warm up, as well.

The majority of this wastewater is ancient ocean brine that was trapped in rock layers along with gas and oil deposits.

But a an iridium layer - like defining geological boundary is most relevant because of the associated changes - most notably, changes to the chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean.

An initial high - resolution study shows that off Peru the ocean layer called «oxygen minimum» where life is limited is sensitive to the intensity of the seasonal current from the equator that brings water containing little oxygen to the coastal ecosystem.

During field trips out to West Texas, he and Rice students noticed hundreds of ash layers in exposed rock that dated to the Cretaceous period when much of western North America lay beneath a shallow ocean.

Without the ozone layer, ultraviolet rays from the sun would reach the surface at nearly full force, causing skin cancer and, more seriously, killing off the tiny photosynthetic plankton in the ocean that provide oxygen to the atmosphere and bolster the bottom of the food chain.

Ranging from the magnesium levels in microscopic seashells pulled from ocean sediment cores to pollen counts in layers of muck from lakebeds, the proxies delivered thousands of temperature readings over the period.

Earth System Threshold Measure Boundary Current Level Preindustrial Climate Change CO2 Concentration 350 ppm 387 ppm 280 ppm Biodiversity Loss Extinction Rate 10 pm > 100 pm * 0.1 - one pm Nitrogen Cycle N2 Tonnage 35 mmt ** 121 mmt 0 Phosphorous Cycle Level in Ocean 11 mmt 8.5 - 9.5 mmt — 1 mmt Ozone Layer O3 Concentration 276 DU # 283 DU 290 DU Ocean Acidification Aragonite ^ ^ Levels 2.75 2.90 3.44 Freshwater Usage Consumption 4,000 km3 ^ 2,600 km3 415 km3 Land Use Change Cropland Conversion 15 km3 11.7 km3 Low Aerosols Soot Concentration TBD TBD TBD Chemical Pollution TBD TBD TBD TBD * pm = per million ** mmt = millions of metric tons #DU = dobson unit ^ km3 = cubic kilometers ^ ^ Aragonite is a form of calcium carbonate.

He wonders whether megaplumes carry the gases of an eruption, such as carbon dioxide and methane and helium 3, as well as minerals such as sulfur and iron, to upper layers of the ocean where most plant and animal life resides.

This enabled the research team to reconstruct, for the first time, a detailed picture of the environmental conditions at the ocean's surface, as well as in deeper water layers, over the last 30,000 years.

The oceans of around 1 billion years ago, the researchers argue, were topped by a thin oxygenated layer populated with photosynthetic organisms and heterotrophic bacteria.

An «ocean» composed of a single layer of molecules; an intricate depiction of an HIV particle as a study in orange and gray; a phantasmagoria of fungi; a video tracing the long - distance travels of items dumped in the trash in Seattle: The four first - place winners in this year's International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge grab your attention and draw you into unseen worlds in very different ways.

Jessup wrote a computer program that uses images from standard infrared cameras to analyze temperature changes in the top layer of the oceans» waters caused by breaking waves.

«What this tells us is that if Sputnik Planum is indeed a positive mass anomaly — and it appears as though it is — this ocean layer of at least 100 kilometers has to be there,» Johnson said.

But as Charon cooled over time, this ocean would have frozen and expanded (as happens when water freezes), lifting the outermost layers of the moon and producing the massive chasms we see today.

As temperatures rise today, most of the heat is being taken up by the surface layers of the oceans.

They compared isotope measurements on the silica skeletons of diatoms, which store environmental signals from the ocean's surface, with isotope signals from radiolarians, which live in deeper water layers.

On the outside they are covered by a thick layer of ice, and underneath this there is an ocean surrounding a rocky core.

The wind keeps a layer of warm water near the surface in Indonesia, reducing the temperature difference across the Indian Ocean and so minimising the strength of positive IOD events.

Our study shows that the core should be «wrapped» in a layer of crystallized carbonic acid, which means that a reaction between the core and the ocean would be impossible,» says Oganov.

An onboard magnetometer will measure the depth and saltiness of the ocean and a spectrometer will measure chemicals in Europa's uppermost layers of ice.

Instead, Grotzinger says, their model was meant to duplicate how chemicals and sediments might settle out of water in a hot ancient ocean rich with the calcium carbonate typically found in stromatolite layers.

The Gulf Coast of Louisiana and eastern Texas sits on an ancient ocean floor with salt layers that form domes as the lower - density salt rises.

They found that across ocean basins, the ratio of human - generated mercury to human - generated CO2 tends to stay consistent among waters in the same layer of depth, because coal burning, for example, emits both mercury and CO2.

Most important, the work simulated the movement of dye — not viscous oil — injected in the upper layers of the ocean — not the deep seafloor — for a total of two months — not the ongoing no - end - in - sight disaster.

The mechanism that causes eddies in the surface ocean leads to an intensification of currents in the top and bottom layers of the ocean.