Sentences with phrase «of ocean parameters»

This module will ensure accurate, consistent, comparable, regional scale, long ‐ term measurements of ocean parameters, which are key to addressing urgent societal and scientific challenges such as climate change, ocean ecosystem disturbance, and marine hazards.

Not exact matches

Starting in the 3rd year of his 5 - year degree at the University of Vigo, Ourense, in Spain, Añel spent 4 hours a week in Luis Gimeno's Group of Atmospheric and Ocean Physics at the university's Department of Applied Physics, computing climate change quantifiers using simple parameters such as precipitation and air temperature.

You can't track that level of detail with litmus paper — pH is one of the hardest ocean parameters to measure.

They used synthesized data on oceanographic parameters like ocean depth and temperature and the biological needs of 180 species of finfish and bivalve mollusks, such as oysters and mussels.

Dr. Lavery presenter the AO Prize Lecture entitled «Advances in remote inference of physical and biological parameters using acoustic scattering techniques: Mapping the ocean in broadband «color».»

As the science develops, it is important for managers to design select examples of coral reef areas in a variety of ocean chemistry and oceanographic regimes (e.g., high and low pH and aragonite saturation state; areas with high and low variability of these parameters) for inclusion in MPAs.

The treatment of uncertainty in the ocean's uptake of heat varies, from assuming a fixed value for a model's ocean diffusivity (Andronova and Schlesinger, 2001) to trying to allow for a wide range of ocean mixing parameters (Knutti et al., 2002, 2003) or systematically varying the ocean's effective diffusivity (e.g., Forest et al., 2002, 2006; Frame et al., 2005).

Using Mg / Ca paleothermometry from the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from the past 500 k.y. at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 871 in the western Pacific warm pool, we estimate the tropical Pacific climate sensitivity parameter (λ) to be 0.94 — 1.06 °C (W m − 2) − 1, higher than that predicted by model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum or by models of doubled greenhouse gas concentration forcing.

But then the effective heat capacity, the surface temperature, depends on the rate of mixing of the ocean water and I have presented evidence from a number of different ways that models tend to be too diffusive because of numerical reasons and coarse resolution and wave parameter rise, motions in the ocean.

For the past 10 years, the Tara Oceans research vessel has traversed more than 180,000 miles across all of the world's oceans, collecting biological samples and information about the oceans» physical parameters such as depth, temperature and salOceans research vessel has traversed more than 180,000 miles across all of the world's oceans, collecting biological samples and information about the oceans» physical parameters such as depth, temperature and saloceans, collecting biological samples and information about the oceans» physical parameters such as depth, temperature and saloceans» physical parameters such as depth, temperature and salinity.

There may be reason to strongly suspect that in any sufficiently complicated dynamical system model (such as climate) with stochastic parameters (e.g., exactly when and where a lightning strike starts a major wildfire or a major submarine earthquake perturbs ocean circulation in a region or a major volcanic eruption introduces stratospheric aerosols), it is almost certain that any given run of the model will have periods of significant deviation from the mean of multiple runs.

Since OHC uptake efficiency associated with surface warming is low compared with the rate of radiative restoring (increase in energy loss to space as specified by the climate feedback parameter), an important internal contribution must lead to a loss rather than a gain of ocean heat; thus the observation of OHC increase requires a dominant role for external forcing.

Using Mg / Ca paleothermometry from the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber from the past 500 k.y. at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 871 in the western Pacific warm pool, we estimate the tropical Pacific climate sensitivity parameter (λ) to be 0.94 — 1.06 °C (W m − 2) − 1, higher than that predicted by model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum or by models of doubled greenhouse gas concentration forcing.

I thought a bunch of scientists and programmers put their efforts into creating a celled representation of the atmosphere, oceans etc. and try to come up with formulas and parameters which — to their best knowledge — mirror what really happens.

A detailed reanalysis is presented of a «Bayesian» climate parameter study (Forest et al., 2006) that estimates climate sensitivity (ECS) jointly with effective ocean diffusivity and aerosol forcing, using optimal fingerprints to compare multi-decadal observations with simulations by the MIT 2D climate model at varying settings of the three climate parameters.

Forest et al. 2006 compares observations of multiple surface, upper air and deep - ocean temperature changes with simulations thereof by the MIT 2D climate model run at many climate parameter settings.

Or do you think that pouring a bucket of water into the ocean would shift sea levels outside of normal historical parameters?

Using these Carbon Systems Algorithms, scientists can predict parameters in the Southern Ocean including temperature, oxygen, salinity, pressure, and nitrate using data from two hydrographic surveys that were conducted in the Southern Ocean in the spring of 2011 and 2014.

Note that effect this does not depend on the parameters of the distribution so that the theoretical distribution of the calculated pp values for all three cases (surface, upper - air, and deep - ocean) would be exactly the same.

The evolution of the global weather for the period 1901 — 2010 is represented by a ten - member ensemble of 3 - hourly estimates for ocean, surface and upper - air parameters.

This was my mental equation dF = dH / dt + lambda * dT where dF is the forcing change over a given period (1955 - 2010), dH / dt is the rate of change of ocean heat content, and dT is the surface temperature change in the same period, with lambda being the equilibrium sensitivity parameter, so the last term is the Planck response to balance the forcing in the absence of ocean storage changes.

If AGW is not true then the parameters are meaningless, but if it is true then these are best esimates of those parameters under reasonable hypotheses of why AGW is true, e.g. the blanketing effect of CO2 and the time needed to warm the ocean's surface layer.

of those parameters under reasonable hypotheses of why AGW is true, e.g. the blanketing effect of CO2 and the time needed to warm the ocean's surface layer.

His paper contains more discussion on the deep - ocean diffusivity, joint distributions of aerosol forcing and other parameters are not discussed.

One the main key surface parameters involved in the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and oceans are: wind stress, surface turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes.

These algorithms, developed for national and international operational and research satellite programs, convert sensor / instrument measurements into geophysical parameters such as vertical temperature / water vapor profiles, estimates of cloud amount, type and phase, and land / ocean parameters such as sea surface winds, net heat flux, and forest fire intensity / extent.

The OSI SAF develops, processes and distributes, in near real - time, products related to key parameters of the ocean - atmosphere interface.

They are simply a first estimate.Where multiple analyses of the biases in other climatological variables have been produced, for example tropospheric temperatures and ocean heat content, the resulting spread in the estimates of key parameters such as the long - term trend has typically been signicantly larger than initial estimates of the uncertainty suggested.

The observed heat and salinity trends are linked to changes in ocean circulation and other manifestations of global change such as oxygen and carbon system parameters (see Section 5.4).

Many climatic parameters (ground and ocean surface temperatures, pressure, atmospheric precipitation, etc.) have temporal variations with characteristic periods from several to several tens of years or more.

The close relationship that exists between the dynamic height and the mass field of the ocean allows these two parameters to be used within a two - layer reduced gravity ocean model to monitor the upper layer thickness (Goni et al., 1996), which is defined in this study to go from the sea surface to the depth of the 20 °C isotherm.

The climate models have gotten more complex, for sure, with thousands of estimated parameters for warming potential, vorticity, circulation patterns, absorption of heat, pressure, energy, and momentum by various layers or atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea - ice.

EUMETSAT operates four geostationary Meteosat spacecraft which provide frequent observations vital for severe weather warnings, and two Metop polar orbiting satellites which supply a unique wealth of ocean, land and atmospheric parameters essential for forecasting high impact weather up to 10 days in advance.

As sub-surface oxygen concentrations in the ocean everywhere reflect a balance between supply through circulation and ventilation and consumption by respiratory processes, the absolute amount of oxygen in a given location is therefore very sensitive to changes in either process, more sensitive perhaps as other physical and chemical parameters.

Develop and validate retrieval algorithms for ocean and sea ice parameters from various satellite Earth observation data, which in are used in studies of upper layer mesoscale ocean processes, air - sea - ice interaction, climate change studies and in operational oceanography.

Different inter-hemispheric energy flows, Different geographical distribution of land, ocean and snow / ice covered surfaces, Different energy sources and sinks both in atmosphere and hydrosphere, different isolation depending on celestial parameters.

• To determine full water column distributions of selected trace elements and isotopes, including their concentration, chemical speciation, and physical form, along a sufficient number of sections in each ocean basin to establish the principal relationships between these distributions and with more traditional hydrographic parameters;

One the main key surface parameters involved in the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and oceans are: wind...

The ocean size parameter allows for experimentation with ocean size and understanding what effects this has in the context of the model.

Differences between the regression slope and the true feedback parameter are significantly reduced when 1) a more realistic value for the ocean mixed layer depth is used, 2) a corrected standard deviation of outgoing radiation is used, and 3) the model temperature variability is computed over the same time interval as the observations.

But the sigma - t density parameter is a nonlinear function of temperature and salinity, with the former being the dominant factor in the open ocean.

Typically there is also a single parameter controlling the rate of ocean heat uptake, and forcings (from aerosols in particular, this forcing being quite uncertain) can of course readily be adjusted.

Practically, more deep - ocean involvement does have an effect on equilibrium climate sensitivity, but it has a much larger effect on transient climate sensitivity (which is a more relevant parameter for discussions of anthropogenically forced climate change).

It's replete with the titles of articles such as «Marine biota effects on the compositional structure of the world oceans,» «Testing Distributed Parameter Hypotheses for the Detection of Climate Change,» and «Strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.»

So, ocean thermal inertia should scare us for the warming that gets held «in the pipe», but it should not be a source of LTP - related skepticism on the estimated magnitude of the GHG sensitivity parameter?

However, it remains a major scientific challenge to model and project the changes of the magnitude and intensity of subsurface oxygen depletion because it depends on changes in ocean circulation, rates of de-nitrification, and nutrient runoff from land, and because global data coverage for chemical and biological parameters remains poor.

The new model is able to take these parameters into account by including data about the present state of the ocean and atmosphere, something that's been difficult to do in the past because of a scarcity of data for the ocean.

«The assessment is supported additionally by a complementary analysis in which the parameters of an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) were constrained using observations of near - surface temperature and ocean heat content, as well as prior information on the magnitudes of forcings, and which concluded that GHGs have caused 0.6 °C to 1.1 °C (5 to 95 % uncertainty) warming since the mid-20th century (Huber and Knutti, 2011); an analysis by Wigley and Santer (2013), who used an energy balance model and RF and climate sensitivity estimates from AR4, and they concluded that there was about a 93 % chance that GHGs caused a warming greater than observed over the 1950 — 2005 period; and earlier detection and attribution studies assessed in the AR4 (Hegerl et al., 2007b).»

if recently published data, suggesting stronger 20th century ocean warming, are used to determine the input climate parameters, the median projected warning at the end of the 21st century is only 4.1 °C.

To explore the long - term effect of future ocean conditions on E. huxleyi, we grew strain CCMP 371 in continuous culture under simultaneously elevated pCO2 and temperature: «present» ocean conditions (383 ± 43 µatm pCO2 and 20.0 ± 0.1 °C average across all generation points) and «future» ocean conditions (833 ± 68 µatm pCO2 and 24.0 ± 0.2 °C average across all generation points; see table 1 for details of conditions and carbonate system parameters).