We work with global ocean circulation models to understand issues like the thermal
expansion of ocean waters due to global warming or the effect of changing ocean currents on regional sea levels.
Areas like these that are protected from stress can more easily adapt to larger threats, such as climate change and the
acidification of ocean water caused by excess carbon dioxide.
Reducing certain kinds of air pollution could limit the
rise of ocean waters and buy time to address CO2 emissions.
Other methods to track spills use light to look for oil, track oil on the surface, or take
samples of the ocean water at various depths.
Despite their hidden nature, internal waves are fundamental
parts of ocean water dynamics, transferring heat to the ocean depths and bringing up cold water from below.
A marked retreat of ice in coastal areas has led to an
infusion of ocean water, which is relatively warm and promotes melting.
The oceans, though, hold much more heat than the atmosphere; e.g. the top 15 cm (6 inches)
of ocean waters contain more heat than the entire atmosphere.
They were caused by changes to the ocean's chemistry brought about by absorption of two primary greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, through a process of
acidification of ocean water.
Right: Researchers send this device deep into the ocean to collect
samples of ocean water and look for microbes.
He consecutively swam 2.4 miles
of ocean water in 1:10.45, bicycled 112 miles in 5:05.11 and ran a 3:03.45 marathon.
This phenomenon occurs when northerly winds move the top
layer of ocean water out to sea, pulling up nutrient - rich, oxygen poor water from the deep ocean to replace it.
As a suppmentary question I have always been unsure whether the «Ocean» in Global Mean Surface Temperature based on Land and Ocean means the air about a metre above the surface as it does for land, i.e. taken from small islands, buoys and ships, or is it the the
temperature of the ocean water at the surface?
Encompassing 1,470 square
miles of ocean waters, the boundaries of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary extend from the mean high water line to approximately six nautical miles offshore from San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands.
Water mass - A
volume of ocean water with identifiable properties (temperature, salinity, density, chemical tracers) resulting from its unique formation process.
The paper discusses that melting ice will decrease the
salinity of the ocean waters around Antarctica, which will cause decreased mixing with the relatively warmer deep ocean waters, reducing sea surface temperatures, causing more sea ice to form.
Ice Age evidence suggests rising temperatures could boost areas
of ocean water with little oxygen for life
According to astronomer Mike Brown: «We think we might be looking at salts left over after a large
amount of ocean water flowed out onto the surface and then evaporated away.
«Hydrothermal siphon» drives water circulation through seafloor: New study explains previous observations
of ocean water flowing through the seafloor from one seamount to another.»
Increasing the alkalinity
of ocean water around coral reefs has been proposed as a geoengineering measure to save shallow marine ecosystems.
They are also misled to believe that CO2 is polluting the oceans through acidification but there is nothing unnatural or unprecedented about current
measurements of ocean water pH and a future rise in pCO2 will likely yield growth benefits to corals and other sea life.»