Sentences with phrase «of other aerosol»

In this case the computed forcings incorporate the effects of other aerosol types which have a similar spatial distribution to sulphate aerosols, such as nitrate aerosols or carbonaceous aerosols from fossil fuel combustion.

The development of the beta version of other Aerosol Modeling Testbed was sponsored by PNNL's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program through the Aerosol Climate Initiative.

Not exact matches

On the other hand, «if some volcanoes that are large enough go off and if they are the dominant cause [of increasing aerosols], then we will probably see some increases» in cooling.

While it is still possible that other factors, such as heat storage in other oceans or an increase in aerosols, have led to cooling at the Earth's surface, this research is yet another piece of evidence that strongly points to the Pacific Ocean as the reason behind a slowdown in warming.

The researchers do know that the presence of certain aerosols plays a large role in the formation of ice that leads to precipitation, but they also need to tease out the importance of that with other factors, like the amount of available water vapor and vertical storm winds.

While the study provides clear evidence that aerosol particles affect the development and intensity of storms, Thornton says it can not be directly generalised to the air above land because there are other factors that need to be taken into account.

During storms, they flew a research aircraft with several powerful instruments, including one that can identify the type of particle in a cloud and determine whether it was dust or some other type of aerosol.

Scientists can measure how much energy greenhouse gases now add (roughly three watts per square meter), but what eludes precise definition is how much other factors — the response of clouds to warming, the cooling role of aerosols, the heat and gas absorbed by oceans, human transformation of the landscape, even the natural variability of solar strength — diminish or strengthen that effect.

These aerosols outweigh all other human sources of fine - particulate air pollution in much of the United States, Europe, Russia and China, according to new research.

Most projections say tighter regulations, cleaner sources of electricity and higher - mileage vehicles will cut industrial emissions enough by the end of this century that farm emissions will be starved of the other ingredients necessary to create aerosols, she said.

How much radiation is reflected by sulphur dioxide aerosols varies according to the size of the droplets, their height in the atmosphere, whether it is night or day, what season it is and several other factors.

The research focuses on the power of minute airborne particles known as aerosols, which can come from urban and industrial air pollution, wildfires and other sources.

Soot is a strong, light - absorbing aerosol that caused global climate changes that triggered the mass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonites, and other animals, and led to the macroevolution of mammals and the appearance of humans.

The findings provide evidence that a 3 - kilometer - deep blanket of pollution — a mass of ash, acids, aerosols, and other particles — is disrupting weather systems in western Asia.

According to the report, sulfate and other aerosols reflect sunlight and reduce the amount of solar energy hitting Earth's surface by as much as 15 %.

Forster's chapter also reports on another important uncertainty: the cooling effect of smoke and other aerosols, which some argued almost negated the warming effect of greenhouse gases in the short term.

Subsequent, unusually large and frequent eruptions of other volcanoes, as well as sea - ice / ocean feedbacks persisting long after the aerosols have been removed from the atmosphere, may have prolonged the cooling through the 1700s.

Such model included meteorological factors like levels of aerosols, anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, and other items that influence global temperature — the surface albedo among them.

A few of the main points of the third assessment report issued in 2001 include: An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system; emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate; confidence in the ability of models to project future climate has increased; and there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

To investigate the layers and composition of clouds and tiny airborne particles like dust, smoke and other atmospheric aerosols,, scientists at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland have developed an instrument called the Cloud - Aerosol Transport System, or CATS.

The intensity of this return pulse also allows scientists to infer other properties, such as the composition of clouds, and the abundance and sizes of aerosols,.

E-cigarettes are battery - powered devices that look like cigarettes and deliver an aerosol of nicotine and other chemicals.

If first - line antibiotics proved useless in an aerosol attack, almost all those exposed to infective doses of plague would probably die, but not before they spread the infection to many other people.

Clouds and other factors, like aerosols and black carbon, also influence the albedo of Earth.

Detailed microbiome analyses of the samples by Brent Williams, PhD, and Ian Lipkin, MD, at Columbia University in New York City identified Candida species as the dominant airborne fungus, a finding not previously reported from other aerosol sampling campaigns in other regions of the globe.

And for reasons that are not clear, positively charged bolts struck less frequently when the levels of silicon dioxide and other aerosols in the air were high.

Plenty of other studies have shown there are many large benefits to clean air legislation and reducing aerosols,» Gillett said.

Uneven distribution of the aerosols could lead to more cooling in some places than in others, which could cause unknown environmental consequences.

The study, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, showed that the production of tar sands and other heavy oil — thick, highly viscous crude oil that is difficult to produce — are a major source of aerosols, a component of fine particle air pollution, which can affect regional weather patterns and increase the risk of lung and heart disease.

And we now have a gloomier picture of the extent to which smogs and other human - made aerosols in the atmosphere shade us from the worst of global warming.

The neurodevelopmental and social backdrop of early adolescence may promote risk - taking behavior, 25 and neural plasticity may sensitize the adolescent brain to the effects of nicotine.31 Hence, adolescent never smokers exposed to nicotine - rich e-cigarette aerosols and the pleasant sensations associated with vaping could be more liable to experiment with other nicotine - containing products, including combustible tobacco.

IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions.

The relative atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance of these as drivers of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

FMI has been involved in research project, which evaluated the simulations of long - range transport of BB aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol by the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS - 5) and four other global aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model aerosol models over the complete South African - Atlantic region using Cloud - Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations to find any distinguishing or common model biases.

For this subsystem, many of the longer term feedbacks in the full climate system (such as ice sheets, vegetation response, the carbon cycle) and some of the shorter term bio-geophysical feedbacks (methane, dust and other aerosols) are explicitly excluded.

Of the other strand, aerosol cooling, Rasool and Schneider, Science, July 1971, p 138, «Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate» is the best exemplaOf the other strand, aerosol cooling, Rasool and Schneider, Science, July 1971, p 138, «Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate» is the best exemplaof Large Increases on Global Climate» is the best exemplar.

Climate is not different, as can be seen in the fact that a broad range of cloud feedbacks (compensated by other parameters...) or a range of combined aerosol / CO2 sensitivities is able to fit the temperature of the past century.

Here a reaction on the main points about the natural (solar, volcanic) vs. man - made (GHGs, aerosols) sensitivity: — If there was a larger temperature variation in the past millennium, the mathematical evidence is that an increase of one of the terms of the temperature trend equation must go at the cost of one or more other terms of the equation.

The problem with this test is exactly the restraint of a fixed aerosol forcing trend and a fixed sensitivity... without that, the adjustment for solar at one side and GHGs / aerosols at the other side might have been much larger, while maintaining the same (or better) result.

The Hadcm3 model has calculated the largest increase in temperature which may be attributed to the reduction of aerosol load (40 %) over the period 1990 - 1999 somewhere in NE Europe, other models do that more in Southern Europe.

Thus if one of them has a lower sensitivity (or in the case of aerosols, a lower forcing), the other one must follow, even if it is only to match the 1945 - 1975 temperature trend.

This new study, published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, furthered this research by examining the changes in physical properties of these aerosols due to aging, or oxidation, provoked by ozone or other oxidizing agents.

Therefore the dosage of administration has to change at it has been previously observed with other treatment modalities such as; inhaled insulin.35, 37 A major obstacle regarding the distribution of aerosol within the airways is atelectasis, tumor mass or pleural effusion.

One of the major parameters was the safety of these agents in the respiratory airways and lung parenchyma, since several of these agents are known to cause adverse effects.23 The main adverse effects observed were cough, transient fever and transient decrease in the respiratory functions after the aerosol administration.8, 19, 20 Moreover; it has been observed that excessive deposition of these agents in one site of the respiratory system can induce non-specific side effects in the form of pulmonary edema as observed with many other drugs.16 These side effects were milder when a premedication with bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids were administered.8, 19, 20 Until now no long term trial (> 9 months) has been performed since all patients included in previous studies had stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

The PNNL team is currently applying the approach, which grew out of the Aerosol Climate Initiative, to other types of simulations, so that future high - resolution climate models will solve the mystery surrounding aerosol - cloud interaAerosol Climate Initiative, to other types of simulations, so that future high - resolution climate models will solve the mystery surrounding aerosol - cloud interaaerosol - cloud interactions.

Over the past several years, scientists from many institutions have explored the ability of SP - CAM to simulate tropical weather systems, the day - night changes of precipitation, the Asian and African monsoons, cloud - aerosol interactions and other climate phenomena.

He has extensive experience developing weather and research modeling codes and has applied these to the study of mesoscale circulations, clouds, and aerosols for Earth and other terrestrial planetary atmospheres, including Mars, Titan, Venus, and Pluto.

Although the use of e-cigarettes (called vaping) is believed by many experts to be less toxic than cigarette smoking — and could even help some people quit smoking — recent research at Penn State College of Medicine and other institutions indicates that inhaled aerosols produced by vaporizing e-liquids are not harmless.

Most of the non-model estimates of climate sensitivity are based on the analyses using other forcings such as solar and aerosols, and the assumption that sensitivity to CO2 will be the same, despite the differences in way these forcings couple to the climate system.

For researchers working with biofuels, petroleum chemistry, aerosols, and other environmental samples where large collections of unidentified molecules are the norm, this information is going to be tremendously valuable.