While 110 of the NIH chimps have already arrived at the Sanctuary, the fate
of the other chimps is still up in the air.
According to the social theory of intelligence articulated by N. K. Humphrey and Jane Goodall, complex brains blossom in complex social settings; chimps and dolphins have to be smart to read the intentions
of other chimps and dolphins.
Not exact matches
Endocast researchers need to study the range
of brain surface characteristics in a larger sample
of living
chimps and
other apes to make more accurate comparisons, Falk says.
But the
chimps» awareness
of the mistreatment
of others as well as themselves also lays the groundwork for complex social interactions more like those
of human groups, they note.
Some
chimps use rocks to crack nuts,
others fish for termites with blades
of grass and a gorilla has been seen gauging the depth
of water with the equivalent
of a dipstick, but no animal wields tools with quite the alacrity
of the New Caledonian crow.
Humans and
chimps both involuntarily mimic pupil dilation in
others — but only if those
others are members
of the same species
In previous experiments,
other groups
of chimps showed no sensitivity towards unfairness directed at
others.
Because the skull bore the distinctive sagittal crest
of gorillas but otherwise had
chimp - like dimensions, some primatologists suggested it represented a new subspecies
of gorilla, while
others believed it to be a
chimp - gorilla hybrid.
I touched the
chimps at the beginning — probably a mistake, but on the
other hand, after a year
of them running away, it was kind
of just so magical that I would do it again.
This kind
of prosocial behavior, a form
of altruism that seeks to benefit
others and promote cooperation, has now been found in
chimps, the species that Darwin did more than any
other human to connect us with.
The human (and all the
other) genome projects were predicated on the reasonable assumption that spelling out the full sequence
of genes would reveal the source
of that diversity
of form and attributes that so readily distinguish worm from fly, mouse,
chimp and human.
At the
other end
of the spectrum, adult male
chimps may compete for food and even hunt, kill, and eat the baby baboons.
In the deep forest, the
chimps are fearless, «approaching us in the trees to get a better look,» Hicks says, rather than fleeing at the sight
of humans, as
chimps in
other regions tend to do.
He believes that it adds to evidence supporting the notion that
chimps are capable
of understanding the minds
of others.
The discovery bolsters the idea that
chimps are able to understand their own and
others» state
of mind.
The team played videos
of chimps either yawning or exhibiting
other open - mouth behaviours such as grinning to six adult
chimps and three infants at the Primate Research Institute
of Kyoto University in Japan.
CUNY graduate student Elaine Kozma filmed
chimps, bonobos, gorillas, gibbons, and
other primates in zoos so she could measure the precise angles
of their legs and hips when they walked upright.
Alda: I was sitting with Brian Hare, primatologist, and we were sitting on a bench and we were right next to a big glass window on the
other side
of which was this natural setting where all these
chimps were.
Testing on
chimps has been a huge boon for humans in the past, contributing to the discovery
of hepatitis C and vaccines against polio and hepatitis B, among
other advances.
Last year the National Institutes
of Health announced plans to put some 180 ex-Coulston
chimps currently housed at the Alamogordo Primate Facility back in service, to rejoin the roughly 800
other chimps that serve as subjects for studies
of human diseases, therapies and vaccines in the U.S., which is the only country apart from Gabon to maintain
chimps for this purpose.
Chimps should be used only in studies
of major diseases and only when there is no
other option.
Such manipulation
of new materials is beyond even
chimps and
other nonhuman primates.
By comparing our genetic make - up to the genomes
of mice,
chimps and a menagerie
of other species (rats, chickens, dogs, pufferfish, the microscopic worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and many bacteria), scientists have learned a great deal about how genes evolve over time, and gained insights into human diseases.
Yet many
of these traits can also be found, at least to some degree, in
other creatures:
Chimps have rudimentary culture, parrots speak, and some rats seem to giggle when tickled.
By cloning the virus and producing it in the laboratory, Ertl and her colleagues say they circumvent the danger
of transmitting
other chimp viruses along with the adenovirus.
The US National Institutes
of Health (NIH) is expected to make a decision imminently on how many
of its 360 research
chimps should be retired on the grounds that most studies can be done in
other animals.
This is unheard
of in any
other animals, including
chimps, say the researchers.
But
other features — tiny
chimp - like heels and shrugged shoulders — suggest it was too primitive to be part
of the human family tree.
The
chimps» actions, she would later report, set them apart from
other nonhuman animals — and they may reveal the evolutionary origins
of how we came to master fire.
Because bonobos are more tolerant
of each
other and more willing to share, they're able to cooperate more effectively than
chimps in some situations, the researchers conclude.
Chimps, on the
other hand, generally avoided their partner and shared food less than half
of the time.
In 2012, his team reported that humans had a different form
of these fatty acid genes than did
chimps or
other ancient human species, one that made them more efficient at processing the fatty acids from plants.
And the variation in skull size and facial shape is no greater than in
other species, including both modern humans or
chimps, says Ponce de León — especially when the growth
of the jaw and face over a lifetime are considered.
Researchers have long suspected that
chimps and
other apes might engage in similar behavior, but they very rarely observe the death
of a
chimp in the wild, says Richard Byrne, a psychologist at the University
of St. Andrews in the United Kingdom.
Some groups
of chimps use twigs to fish for termites,
others don't.
In the case
of Pansy, Anderson and his colleagues conclude that the
other chimps reacted to her death in humanlike ways, experiencing grief and mourning.
In Pansy's case, zookeepers decided to allow the
other chimps to stay with her as she died, while a research team, led by psychologist James Anderson
of the nearby University
of Stirling, observed their reactions.
I'd love to see what
other hypothetical ancestors look like — last common ancestor
of chimps and humans, anyone?
The genomes
of chimps and humans reveal a history
of other kinds
of differences as well.
Once the human and
chimp genomes were deciphered about a decade ago, they realized they could now begin to pinpoint the molecular underpinnings
of our big brain, bipedalism, varied diet, and
other traits that have made our species so successful.
But
others, such as famed evolutionary biologist Francisco Ayala
of the University
of California, Irvine, argue that P. reichenowi jumped the species barrier from
chimps to humans quite recently and then became P. falciparum.
Remember that when you and the
chimp are eyeball to eyeball, trying to make sense
of why the
other seems vaguely familiar.
The decision follows recommendations from an NIH advisory panel that said in January that the agency should curb research on
chimps and instead «emphasize the development and refinement
of other approaches, especially alternative animal models,» and move all but approximately 50
of the
chimps to sanctuaries.
However, this latest research focused on a group with a more defined social hierarchy, so it was the rank
of the nearby
chimps that was
of more concern to those grooming, rather than the number
of others nearby.
Taken together the findings challenge the «relationship model» theory that, like
other primates,
chimps engage in grooming on the basis
of prior social interactions.
This echoes prior research by Dr Newton - Fisher which found that if a larger number
of other chimpanzees are nearby then, regardless
of rank, the grooming
chimp would usually stop grooming sooner than if there were no
other chimps nearby, or a small number.
For example, each
chimp should have at least 1000 square feet
of outdoor space and live with no fewer than six
other animals.
A Dutch TV crew had set out to make a public relations documentary
of the troop — part
of several groundbreaking studies since it formed in 1971 — and tried to use a drone to capture close - ups and overhead shots
of Tushi and the
other chimps.
Clayton suspects that
other species may be able match the cooperative abilities
of chimps, elephants and rooks — especially social carnivores that hunt in packs.
If you consider all the biochemistry and the kinds
of structures humans and
chimps have in common, then to suggest anything
other...