There are two copies
of all other chromosomes, which are basically containers for holding genes.
Not exact matches
And if having an extra
chromosome was on par with disease and destruction and
other things that are not
of God, what did that say about our daughter?
@NII YOU SOUND LIKE YOU ARE GUILTY AND TALKED ABOUT
OTHER FALSEHOOD RELIGION YOU DID NOT LIKE OR UNDERSTAND WHEN YOU WAS LITTLE CHILD OR YOUNGER ADULT OR MID LIFE PERSON.THERE ARE THOUSANDS
OF GLOBAL FALSEHOOD RELIGIONS.BUT THIS ONE THING DOES NOT LIE (DNA) Y
CHROMOSOME EVEN TOP SUPER SMART BLOND HEAD BLUE EYE PALE SKIN SUPER DNA RESEARCH PROFESSIONALS WITH MULTIPLE PHD DEGREES FROM NORWAY SWEDEN AND FINLAND DENMARK ETC KNOW THAT THE Y
CHROMOSOME ALSO KNOWN AS THE ADAM Y
CHROMOSOME CAMED OUT
OF EAST AFRICA.falsehood religion did not make.the human race WISDOM DID WISDOM WALKED AND TALKED WITH MAN IT WAS WISDOM THAT MADE ADAM AND EVE.THINK ABOUT IT @NII NOW THE MOST DOMINANT DNA BELONGS TOO BLACK PEOPLE NOT EUROPEANS.LOOK AT ALL YOUR MIXED RACE BLACK PEOPLE»S TIGER WOOD»S HALLEY BERRY LENNY KRAVITZ LISA BONET ETC DNA DO NT LIE man made falsehood religion do lie
The problem arises when you realise that different varieties
of pepper plants can pollinate each
other - taking one
chromosome from the mother plant, and one from a father plant.
The Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing process, also referred to as NIPT, offers peace
of mind for many expecting parents by ruling out the need for invasive screenings for a wide range
of chromosomal conditions including Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and
other fetal sex
chromosome abnormalities.
But most
other moms are not automatically offered an amniocentesis unless their babies are determined to have a high risk
of chromosome disorders.
On the
other hand, if the results are normal, you will know that there is no known
chromosome disorder affecting your odds
of a successful pregnancy.
That's the promise
of elective single embryo transfer (eSET), when combined with comprehensive
chromosome screening (CCS) and
other technologies.
Researchers think it acts on another gene called lymphocyte activation gene - III, located at the
other end
of the same
chromosome.
It also picks up bits
of DNA from any
other chromosomes that also happen to have shattered.
A girl who inherits one defective copy
of such a gene from her parents has a backup on her
other X
chromosome.
In some
of the neochromosomes, they found DNA from every
other chromosome.
Others include modification
of the histone proteins that DNA winds around to form chromatin — the tightly packed cluster that makes up
chromosomes — and the activation
of small non-coding RNA molecules.
The disorder arises when some or all
of an extra copy
of chromosome 21 is present, but exactly how this additional set
of genes disrupts development, leading to learning difficulties and
other symptoms
of Down's, isn't clear.
During that process,
chromosomes pairs get drawn apart and duplicated, but only one
of the four resulting
chromosomes will make it into the egg cell; the
others are destroyed.
Mice with one particular extra section
of the human
chromosome spent significantly less time hunting for the platform in its original location than did mice carrying
other chromosome portions.
Family Tree DNA: Examining My Father's Y
Chromosome Next I explored the
other side
of my ancestry.
A new digital reconstruction
of the
chromosomes of the ancestor
of all placental mammals reveals that these tightly packed structures
of DNA and proteins have become scrambled over time — a finding that may help pinpoint possible problem sites in our genomes that underlie cancer and
other disease.
«There are a score
of medical syndromes involving
chromosome rearrangements,» says O'Brien, and there may be
others not yet discovered.
The X resembles any
other chromosome, but the Y — the source
of maleness — is downright strange.
Inheriting a single X
chromosome exposes men to a host
of X-linked diseases, such as hemophilia or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and researchers hope to use the new data to understand more fully the role
of genes in
other X-linked conditions.
Others have found that boys are more vulnerable than girls to the long - term impact
of maltreatment in childhood, and the risk
of such boys becoming antisocial in later life seems to be related to a gene on the X
chromosome, although not one that is imprinted.
The researchers have shown that it is possible to produce
chromosome modifications in human cells that are genetically identical to those observed in leukemia and
other types
of human cancer.
They lie in a region
of chromosome 5 that sits squarely between two genes that produce cell - adhesion molecules, which govern how neurons connect to each
other.
Sampling DNA from 54 Finns, Pääbos team found that Finns have much less genetic variation than
other Europeans do in three small regions
of the Y
chromosome, which is found only in males.
Angelman syndrome, which causes learning difficulties, speech problems, seizures, jerky movements and an unusually happy disposition, results when a gene inherited from the mother in a particular area
of chromosome 15 is mutated and the
other copy
of the gene, inherited from the father, is silenced.
Gusella explains that the presence
of two modifying variants on
chromosome 15 — one associated with symptoms appearing an average
of six years early, the
other associated with an average one - and - a-half-year delay — implies that there may be two actual modifying variants that both influence one modifier gene but in opposite directions.
Like
others before him, Schrödinger was struck by the fact that
chromosomes are accurately duplicated during ordinary cell division (mitosis, the way in which an organism grows) and during the creation
of the sex cells (meiosis).
These two individuals simply had the good fortune
of successfully passing on specific portions
of their DNA, called the Y
chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, through the millennia to most
of us, while the corresponding sequences
of others have largely died out due to natural selection or a random process called genetic drift.
Izpisua Belmonte added that more extensive studies will be needed to fully understand the role
of heterochromatin disorganization in aging, including how it interacts with
other cellular processes implicated in aging, such as shortening
of the end
of chromosomes, known as telomeres.
In addition to the Great Danes, researchers, including Laporte, have found Labrador retrievers that bear two
other gene mutations that cause different forms
of recessive centronuclear myopathy, one linked to
chromosome 2 and the
other to the X
chromosome.
Those steps, known as reproductive cell division or meiosis, split the original number
of chromosomes in half so that offspring will inherit half their genetic material from one parent and half from the
other.
Previously, Stacie E. Hughes, Ph.D., a research specialist II at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, identified thin threads
of DNA that seemed to tie these
other homologous
chromosomes together.
Therefore, deleting the portion
of the
chromosome with histone genes in order to replace them with a modified one would wind up deleting
other genes vital for survival.
While natural selection favours the accumulation
of fit alleles
of beneficial genes, the majority
of chromosomes in many organisms are composed
of «selfish DNA ``, which does not benefit its host and seems to play no
other role
other than ensuring its own replication.
For Dr. Christophe Dufresnes from the University
of Lausanne, first author
of the common study just published in Scientific Reports, this «suggests that the undifferentiated sex
chromosomes in these tree frogs contribute more to the evolution
of new species than
other, normal
chromosomes.»
Members
of the kinesin superfamily
of motor proteins are essential for mitotic and meiotic spindle organization,
chromosome segregation, organelle and vesicle transport, and many
other processes that require microtubule - based transport.
There are two
other genes, on different
chromosomes, that code for different forms
of the enzyme, and the team is now investigating whether mutations in these genes might be responsible for the
other cases
of ALS.
«Flow - sorting increased the amount
of the Y
chromosome in our dataset to about thirty percent,» said Paul Medvedev, assistant professor
of computer science and engineering and
of biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State, the
other corresponding author
of the paper.
A
chromosome is, minimally, a very long, continuous piece
of DNA, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and
other intervening nucleotide sequences.
Surprisingly, the team also found that some mothers»
chromosomes get mixed up in their offspring more than those
of other mothers».
These observations raise the intriguing possibility that similar forms
of cross-talk between
chromosomes may occur in
other organisms and might eventually define potential targets for epigenetic intervention.
Published in Nature Communications, the study shows that as egg cells mature in older women, paired copies
of matching
chromosomes often separate from each
other at the wrong time, leading to early division
of chromosomes and their incorrect segregation into mature egg cells.
There are at least six
other genes in that part
of the
chromosome, and Forejt doesn't yet know which one is a speciation gene.
Although we think
of females being XX (that is, having two X
chromosomes) and males as being XY, it's the
other way around in these giant monitor lizards.
Results from the analysis confirmed previous findings
of some copy number variants already associated with autism, but they also found a host
of other genes (SHANK2, SYNGAP1, DLGAP2 and the X
chromosome — linked DDX53 - PTCHD1 locus) in which mutations seem to be linked to autism.
After collecting information from school counselors about any social difficulties experienced by the girls, Skuse's group found that 40 % with the maternal X
chromosome were likely to have problems at school, versus only 16 %
of girls with the paternal X. «It seemed to us there could only be a genetic explanation for that,» Skuse says, because he says there were no
other differences between the two sets
of girls.
The researchers next asked parents
of three groups
of children — Turner's females, normal females, and normal males, who get their single X
chromosome from the mother — to rate their children's cognitive skills, such as awareness
of other people's feelings and interpreting body language.
In the clincher, Nausica Arnoult, a postdoc in the Karlseder lab and one
of the study's co-authors, took advantage
of a fluorescent tag that
others had embedded into one
chromosome's telomeric end and then used a whole
chromosome imaging method called FISH to track where the tag went over time.
Defective genes can be caused by mutations in either the maternally - inherited mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) or more frequently, the genes located on the autosomes, the 23 pairs
of chromosomes which are responsible for all traits and all
other genetic diseases.