The full set of health metrics have been detailed in TOAR - Metrics, and are organised according to the range
of the ozone distribution to which they correspond, specifically: high ozone concentrations, high and mid-level ozone concentrations and ozone concentrations from across the distribution.
Not exact matches
This «would create a persistent layer
of black carbon particles in the northern stratosphere that could cause potentially significant changes in the global atmospheric circulation and
distributions of ozone and temperature,» they concluded.
However, limited and scattered
ozone datasets left scientists unable to answer basic questions about the
distribution and trends in
ozone pollution in many parts
of the world: In which regions
of the world do people face the greatest
ozone exposure?
It is therefore very important to consider the effect
of solar proton events on the temporal and spatial
distribution of ozone in the stratosphere.
Modelling the flow
of air within the atmospheres
of these planets, Carone and her colleagues found that this unusual day - night divide can have a marked effect on the
distribution of ozone across the atmosphere: at least for these planets, the major air flow may lead from the poles to the equator, systematically trapping the
ozone in the equatorial region.
NOAA measurements at South Pole station monitor the
ozone layer above that location by means
of Dobson spectrophotometer and regular
ozone - sonde balloon launches that record the thickness
of the
ozone layer and its vertical
distribution.
For starters, the orbiter beamed back incredibly detailed stereo photos
of the surface, measured the
ozone distribution in the planet's atmosphere, and confirmed the presence
of water ice at the south pole.
Although the
distribution of these emissions is still uncertain, measurements have indicated that the tropical oceans could be major sources, lofting them into the atmosphere where they can ultimately contribute to reactions that control tropospheric and stratospheric
ozone.
OMPS is a three - part instrument: a nadir mapper that maps
ozone, SO2 and aerosols; a nadir profiler that measures the vertical
distribution of ozone in the stratosphere; and a limb profiler that measures aerosols in the upper troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere with high vertical resolution.
The specialized instruments onboard the aircraft sampled the plume for aerosol particle size
distribution and composition as well as concentrations
of pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
The cold conditions affected the
distribution of nitrogen oxides, allowing
ozone loss to continue longer than usual.
• increases in malnutrition and consequent disorders, with implications for child growth and development; • increased deaths, disease and injury due to heat waves, floods, storms, fires and droughts; • the increased burden
of diarrheal disease; • the increased frequency
of cardio - respiratory diseases due to higher concentrations
of ground - level
ozone related to climate change; and, • the altered spatial
distribution of some infectious disease vectors.
In a model that calculates atmospheric chemistry, the
ozone distribution is a function
of the emissions
of chemical precursors, the solar UV input and the climate itself.
Other examples in a simple atmospheric model might be the
distribution of ozone or the level
of carbon dioxide.
Not off topic because nothing ever is and I did nt know where to post this question, but following a question from me several months ago on the
distribution of «carbon» gases in the atmosphere to which the response, I believe from William, was that gases are pretty well mixed and evenly distributed apart from
ozone, I read this in The Guardian today:
Warming must occur below the tropopause to increase the net LW flux out
of the tropopause to balance the tropopause - level forcing; there is some feedback at that point as the stratosphere is «forced» by the fraction
of that increase which it absorbs, and a fraction
of that is transfered back to the tropopause level — for an optically thick stratosphere that could be significant, but I think it may be minor for the Earth as it is (while CO2 optical thickness
of the stratosphere alone is large near the center
of the band, most
of the wavelengths in which the stratosphere is not transparent have a more moderate optical thickness on the order
of 1 (mainly from stratospheric water vapor; stratospheric
ozone makes a contribution over a narrow wavelength band, reaching somewhat larger optical thickness than stratospheric water vapor)(in the limit
of an optically thin stratosphere at most wavelengths where the stratosphere is not transparent, changes in the net flux out
of the stratosphere caused by stratospheric warming or cooling will tend to be evenly split between upward at TOA and downward at the tropopause; with greater optically thickness over a larger fraction
of optically - significant wavelengths, the
distribution of warming or cooling within the stratosphere will affect how such a change is distributed, and it would even be possible for stratospheric adjustment to have opposite effects on the downward flux at the tropopause and the upward flux at TOA).
That was holding the
distribution of solar heating steady, which would require removing water vapor, cloud, and
ozone LW optical thickness but still leaving behind their SW (solar) optical properties.
Some
of these forcings are well known and understood (such as the well - mixed greenhouse gases, or recent volcanic effects), while others have an uncertain magnitude (solar), and / or uncertain
distributions in space and time (aerosols, tropospheric
ozone etc.), or uncertain physics (land use change, aerosol indirect effects etc.).
In addition to regional climate change being strongly affected by natural modes
of variability, geographic differences in climate change are related to the uneven spatial
distribution of aerosols and tropospheric
ozone.
Heat, flood and drought - related mortality and morbidity may increase; changes in the
distribution of plant species and animals are likely to contribute to changing ranges
of infectious diseases and allergic disorders; higher concentrations
of ground - level
ozone and particulate matter in urban areas may increase the frequency
of cardio - respiratory and cardio - vascular diseases.
As
of this writing, there is observational and modeling evidence that: 1) both annular modes are sensitive to month - to - month and year - to - year variability in the stratospheric flow (see section on Stratosphere / troposphere coupling, below); 2) both annular modes have exhibited long term trends which may reflect the impact
of stratospheric
ozone depletion and / or increased greenhouse gases (see section on Climate Change, below); and 3) the NAM responds to changes in the
distribution of sea - ice over the North Atlantic sector.
To name just a few
of the climate impacts
of the annular modes: the NAM is associated with large anomalies in surface temperatures and precipitation across North American and Eurasia, in the
distribution of sea - ice throughout the Arctic, in sea - surface temperatures over the North Atlantic, and in the spatial
distribution ozone in the lower stratosphere.
The
ozone hole that forms in the northern hemisphere, due also to ingress
of troposphere NOx rich air into zones where it is normally not found, is brief due to the geography
of the
distribution of land and sea.
The geographical
distribution of ozone profile instruments having archived data to the WOUDC and NDACC DHF in the Envisat era is displayed in Figure 2, on top
of an illustrative global field
of total
ozone.
The geographical
distribution of stratospheric
ozone lidars having archived regularly data to the NDACC DHF in the Envisat era is displayed in Figure 2.
Kobayashi, J., and Y. Toyama., On various methods
of measuring the vertical
distribution of atmospheric
ozone (III)- Carbon iodide type chemical ozonesonde.
Geographical
distribution of ground - based lidar and ozonesonde stations having archived regularly
ozone profile data to the NDACC DHF and / or the WOUDC in the Envisat era.
The climate system is highly non-linear8 and relatively little is known about the effect on temperature changes resulting from human contributions to the changing three - dimensional
distributions of ozone and aerosols, either or both
of which may have been partially responsible for the observed discrepancy between surface and lower to mid-tropospheric temperature changes.
The map at left shows the
distribution of ozone in the atmosphere on July 14th and 15th, 2000, measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (T
ozone in the atmosphere on July 14th and 15th, 2000, measured by the Total
Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (T
Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).
(Some
of the cooling is due also to the decrease in stratospheric
ozone but the amount and altitude
distribution of the cooling apparently can not be explained solely by this mechanism.)
An increase in the concentrations
of LLGHGs, especially CO2, cools the stratosphere, allowing the possibility
of more PSCs, and alters the
ozone distribution (Rosenlof et al., 2001; Rosenfield et al., 2002; Randel et al., 2004, 2006; Fueglistaler and Haynes, 2005).
Topics that I work on or plan to work in the future include studies
of: + missing aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation
of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect
of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility
of primary organic aerosols, the importance
of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change
of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal
distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like
ozone + the physical and optical properties
of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical
distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact
of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance
of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climate.