Sentences with phrase «of ozone precursors»

(It also considered ground - level ozone, but emphasized that most of the ozone precursors originated in the United States).

Climate change affects the sources of ozone precursors through physical response (lightning), biological response (soils, vegetation, biomass burning) and human response (energy generation, land use, agriculture).

«I expect it will be a large source of ozone precursors, and this would be located in an area that's already failing to meet federal health - based standards for ozone,» he said.

In more complex models that calculate atmospheric chemistry or the carbon cycle, the boundary conditions would instead be the emissions of ozone precursors or anthropogenic CO2.

«Our work confirms that reducing emissions of ozone precursors would have an enormous effect on the air we all breathe,» Pfister said.

Chemistry - transport model studies of the impact of recent changes of ozone precursor emissions, both regionally and globally as outlined above, consistently show that the local response of ozone levels has been a decrease in North America and Europe and an increase in East Asia (Verstraeten et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2017).

The ozone season is selected because it is the part of the year with highest temperatures and strongest solar radiation and thus the time when photochemical reactions of ozone precursor gases are most likely to produce high ozone levels (Rice, 2014).

Not exact matches

These hydrocarbons, together with olefinic minor LPG components, furnish substantial amounts of hydroxyl radical reactivity, a major precursor to formation of the ozone component of urban smog.

Inside the body, squalene is the precursor of cholesterol, but the sebaceous glands in the skin churn out the stuff as is and ozone is drawn to it like a magnet, Weschler says.

The researchers [3] quantified China's current contribution to global «radiative forcing» (the imbalance, of human origin, of our planet's radiation budget), by differentiating between the contributions of long - life greenhouse gases, the ozone and its precursors, as well as aerosols.

Air monitoring by researchers in 2000 found levels of volatile organic compounds — highly reactive ozone precursors such as benzene, known as VOCs — were 10 to 100 times higher than what had previously been estimated.

The study finds that titanium dioxide coatings, seen as promising for their role in breaking down airborne pollutants on contact, are likely in real - world conditions to convert abundant ammonia to nitrogen oxide, the key precursor of harmful ozone pollution.

Because ozone in the troposphere is a precursor to OH, they deployed weather balloons equipped with measuring devices known as sondes to measure the amount of ozone in the air from the surface to the stratosphere.

Wang, T, Xue, L, Brimblecombe, P, Lam, YF, Li, L and Zhang, L 2017 Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects.

This development has raised concerns regarding emissions of greenhouse gases, air toxics, and precursors to ozone and fine particle formation.

From the Physical Science Basis: «Shindell et al. (2009) estimated the impact of reactive species emissions on both gaseous and aerosol forcing species and found that ozone precursors, including methane, had an additional substantial climate effect because they increased or decreased the rate of oxidation of SO2 to sulphate aerosol.

In a model that calculates atmospheric chemistry, the ozone distribution is a function of the emissions of chemical precursors, the solar UV input and the climate itself.

«While it is well understood that increases in CH4, NOx, CO and NMVOCs have driven up tropospheric ozone, only one model has previously explored the relative contributions of these different precursors (Shindell et al., 2005, 2009).

Biomass burning is a big source of black carbon and organic aerosols (warming), CO and VOCs (ozone precursors), also SO2 (leading to sulphate aerosols)(cooling).

According to the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, the burning of coal is responsible for 70 percent of the emissions of soot that clouds out the sun in so much of China; 85 percent of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain and smog; and 67 percent of nitrogen oxide, a precursor to harmful ground level ozone.

This assessment report looks into all aspects of anthropogenic emissions of black carbon and tropospheric ozone precursors, such as methane.

7: Forests).18, 31,32,33,34,35 Long periods of record high temperatures are associated with droughts that contribute to dry conditions and drive wildfires in some areas.159 Wildfire smoke contains particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and various volatile organic compounds (which are ozone precursors) 37and can significantly reduce air quality, both locally and in areas downwind of fires.38, 39,40,41,42

The transportation sector produces one - third of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, and automobile exhaust also contains precursors to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground - level ozone (O3), which pose threats to public health.

Heue, K. - P., Coldewey - Egbers, M., Delcloo, A., Lerot, C., Loyola, D., Valks, P., and van Roozendael, M.: Trends of tropical tropospheric ozone from 20 years of European satellite measurements and perspectives for the Sentinel - 5 Precursor, Atmos.

Lee, Y., D. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, M. Wenig, Y. Lam, Z. Ning, S. Hao, and C. Lai, 2015: Increase of ozone concentrations, its temperature sensitivity and the precursor factor in South China.

«We use 1280 years of control simulation, with constant preindustrial forcings including constant specified CO2, and a five - member ensemble of historical simulations from 1850 — 2005 including prescribed historical greenhouse gas concentrations, SO2 and other aerosol - precursor emissions, land use changes, solar irradiance changes, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone changes, and volcanic aerosol (ALL), following the recommended CMIP5 specifications.

Factors that affect ozone formation include heat, concentrations of precursor chemicals, and methane emissions.

Because methane and VOCs are both ozone precursors, and are released by many of the same sources in the oil and gas sector, reductions will help reduce tropospheric ozone.

The Government of Canada has already taken action on SLCPs through implementation of air pollutant regulations targeting ozone precursors, and particulate matter including black carbon.

In terms of SLCPs, the Multi-Sector Air Pollutants Regulations establish requirements for nitrogen oxide emissions (an ozone precursor) from boilers and heaters and stationary spark - ignition engines operated in various industrial sectors, and nitrogen oxides (an ozone precursor) and sulphur dioxide from cement manufacturing facilities.

For the runs with different emission and «climate» years, e.g. Em2000Cl1850, emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors are set to 2000, methane amounts for chemistry are set to 2000, but ozone and methane at 2000 do not affect the radiation (i.e. radiation sees 1850 «climate» conditions for everything but aerosols).

Of all the pollutants, reducing black carbon and methane, a key precursor to ozone, fit the criteria best.»

[Response: For any projection for the future of climate, you obviously need a projection of emissions (greenhouse gases, ozone and aerosol precursors, etc.), land use change and so on.

They produce aerosols yes, but a lot of them are black carbon (a warming influence), and they also produce NOx, CO and CH4 (ozone precursors) as well as CO2 of course.

Unger, N., D.T. Shindell, D.M. Koch, and D.G. Streets, 2006: Cross influences of ozone and sulfate precursor emissions changes on air quality and climate.

Thus, we have traditionally studied the impact of carbon dioxide separately from the impact of sulphate aerosols and separately from the impacts of the emissions that cause ozone (the «precursors»).

These results suggest that efforts to mitigate atmosphere - related environmental damages should target a broad set of emissions including CO2, methane and aerosol / ozone precursors.

Topics that I work on or plan to work in the future include studies of: + missing aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climate.