Uncovering the genomic bases
of phenotypic change in the NGS era Organizers: Manuel Irimia, Ignacio Maeso, Juan Pascual - Anaya Sponsor Living fossils, myth or reality?
Not exact matches
At present, and based on what we know
of the genetic regulation
of development, these
phenotypic changes in the gut are most likely the result
of positive genetic
changes in the genetic regulatory pathways controlling the development
of the relevant anatomical features, i.e. they are novel positive, heritable genetic features producing a specific and functional novel anatomical structure within the Genus.
It has been speculated that such heterogeneous production
of signaling molecules could be advantageous for the whole population because it allows for a division
of labor between signal producers and non-producers, or because the creation
of phenotypic diversification provides greater evolutionary flexibility and enables populations to adapt more rapidly to environmental
change.
Finally, transformation may provide a general approach to the analysis
of complex heritable phenotypes by permitting the distinction between
phenotypic changes without concomitant
changes in DNA and functional genetic rearrangements.
Zachariah Gezon, a Ph.D. student in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Dartmouth College, studied the impact
of early snow removal on a native mustard plant as part
of a study looking at climate
change and
phenotypic plasticity.
Among 90 isolates generated from the selfing
of this α + SXI2a self - fertile strain, seven strains exhibited
phenotypic changes compared to the parental strain (Figure S14).
We are known for our cutting edge translational approach to research, our customized solutions, the breadth and quality
of our work, as well as for our ability to identify statistically relevant
phenotypic changes, even early and subtle
changes, that help our clients quantify the efficacy
of their treatments before they move into the clinic.
The extreme
phenotypic diversity observed among modern domestic dogs is unique among mammalian species, and as such, it offers unique insight regarding both the constraints and potential
of evolutionary
change under domestication.
This suggests that for the most part the accumulation
of DNA gains and losses have had little impact on
phenotypic change.
Acclimatization refers to
phenotypic changes by an organism to stresses in the natural environment that result in the readjustment
of the organism's tolerance.
The largest numbers
of variants identified by genome - wide association are copy - number
changes, which have a greater
phenotypic effect than do single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Transient in utero disruption
of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator causes
phenotypic changes in Alveolar Type II cells in adult rats.
Plant from multiple species, seed sources, and climate zones, particularly from locally - adapted sources Manage to maintain genetic diversity and
phenotypic plasticity Create opportunities for rapid natural selection for species with high predicted potential for adverse impacts from climate
change (Sturrock et al. 2011; Erickson et al. 2012; Alfaro et al. 2014; FAO 2014) Plant drought tolerant and native species Retain diversity
of species and promote legacy trees Manage or restore mosaic (variable pattern
of species and ages) and maintain or improve landscape connectivity Plant in asynchronous rotations and manage for diverse age classes Thin, plant, and use prescribed fire to favor species adapted to disturbance (Millar et al. 2007; Vose et al. 2016; Keane et al. forthcoming)
This
phenotypic diversity is often the result
of changes or loss
of ancestral phenotypes or gain
of novel phenotypes during evolution.
But in the course
of his work, detailed
phenotypic characterisation
of biopsy samples led him to an unexpected conclusion: «The traditional view is that Barrett's glands develop from the normal lining
of the oesophagus, but actually, they look really similar to pre-cancerous
changes seen in the stomach lining,» Stuart says.
The significant
changes reinforced the impact
of the genetic background to various
phenotypic analysis, even using nearly divergent substrains.
Cellular senescence is a state
of stable cell growth arrest that is accompanied by drastic molecular and
phenotypic changes.
We found that initial
phenotypic changes (non-heritable
changes) appear to facilitate the genetic assimilation
of changes.
Finally, we collaborate with Lauren Chapman
of McGill University (Montreal, Canada) to study the role
of phenotypic plasticity (
changes induced by the environment) and genetic assimilation in the process
of adaptation and evolutionary
change of cichlid fishes.
«Future efforts to preserve or restore aging - and disease - related loss
of lung function will need to take such tissue mechanical and cellular
phenotypic changes into account,» the researchers wrote.
Fishes constitute a highly diverse group
of vertebrates that exhibit deep
phenotypic changes during development.
These dynamics are the basis for models that predict the evolution
of clade frequencies, as well as broad genetic and
phenotypic changes.
The focus
of the conference was connecting how epigenetics (cellular and physiological
phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead
of being caused by
changes in the DNA sequence — in other words nutrition and lifestyle choices) impact whether or not an individual actually develops a specific health issue even though they have a SNP mutation.
This substantial input
of variation from wild ancestors has provided the raw material for
phenotypic change, but unique development and genetic mechanisms may also have assisted the course
of artificial selection.
There are multiple environmental factors such as caloric intake, level
of exercise, and weather that can affect the severity
of clinical signs and
phenotypic expression (radiographic
changes).
The objective was to assess whether the breed retains enough genetic diversity to correct the genotypic and
phenotypic abnormalities associated with poor health, to allow for the elimination
of deleterious recessive mutations, or to make further
phenotypic changes in body structure or coat.
Natural spatial and temporal variability in the pH / pCO2 conditions experienced by marine populations provide the potential for different levels
of adaptation (genetic) and acclimatization (
phenotypic) to decreased pH and elevated pCO2, emphasizing the importance
of understanding physiological variation existing along natural environmental gradients (macrophysiology) in understanding global
change impacts [29].
Moreover, for the first time, they show that
changes in whole - organism
phenotypic responses are accompanied by
changes in the expression
of genes related to intracellular regulatory processes rather than genes thought to be essential for calcification.
(iii) Can organisms» capacity for
phenotypic buffering and adaptation offset the consequences
of environmental
change?