A recent inquiry from a college instructor in search
of philosophical arguments on the morality of abortion inspired us to compile the below list of resources, which, though far from comprehensive, may be of use to pro-lifers.
I believe, not because
of philosophical arguments, but because of my own experiences.
The is the beauty
of the philosophical arguments.
The systematic claims
of a philosophical argument must be taken at face value and judged on the basis of rational examination.
Not exact matches
Philosophical and political
arguments, by which we might understand the meaning
of the term as it is used most commonly today, begin with Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France.
But if you are looking for consilience, in which multiple lines
of independent evidence converge on the same target, then Schwartz's
argument is a good one to have in your arsenal, for it fits nicely with biological
arguments for intelligent design (cf. Michael Behe's Darwin's Black Box), recent
philosophical work on mental causation (cf. Robert Koons» Realism Regained), cosmological fine - tuning (cf. John Barrow and Frank Tipler's The Anthropic Cosmological Principle), and consciousness studies (cf. Dean Radin's The Conscious Universe).
But as I drove home, I myself became less convinced, not
of the immediate soundness
of my
argument, but
of the long - term
philosophical adequacy and stability
of the legal framework within which I had made it.
Start with the science that shows the humanity and individuality
of the embryo, and then make
philosophical arguments about the equality
of all human beings as persons possessing inherent dignity.
One
argument might focus on a
philosophical anthropology: the natural ends
of the body and the proper function
of the sex organs.
At one Evangelicals and Catholics Together meeting, writes Tom, the Catholic co-chairman
of ECT, which Chuck helped found twenty years ago, some
of the Catholic members questioned the value
of natural law
arguments «on the
philosophical ground that no reason exists that is not already deeply saturated with prior pre-understandings and commitments.»
The
argument will be more accessible to readers with a measure
of familiarity with the pertinent
philosophical and scientific questions.
The claim is not saved in this way, for the claim to have such an intuition is not the alleged intuition itself, and only that claim is what in fact and in principle enters the realm
of philosophical theory and
argument.
Although at times Hartshorne has spoken as though his account
of experience rested on some intuition
of its essence as exhibited in his own experience, 2 his predominant view and his
philosophical practice advance a concept
of experience that is generated by dialectical
argument rather than by appeal to direct introspection or intuition: «The philosopher, as Whitehead says, is the «critic
of abstractions.»
It's especially easy in this exact discussion; you have to be very careful about advocating tolerance, or
philosophical openness, because its all too easy for that
argument to becomea self - defeating intolerance
of intolerance.
We have not mounted
philosophical arguments that prove Christ is really present in the Eucharist despite appearances, or that He is wholly present in each part
of each consecrated host; nor have we proved, from reason alone, that He is really present in a consecrated host in the Cathedral
of Tokyo and Paris at the same time.
The Bishop rightly alerts the listeners to the obvious self - refuting nature
of scientism; he emphasises that truth can surely be found in non-scientific forms such as poetry and literature; and then finally, he offers the building blocks for a
philosophical argument that the intelligibility
of the universe, and thereby the possibility
of any science, in some way demonstrates a thinking mind behind the universe.
Discussion
of the existence
of God is a
philosophical question, so one has to be careful in one's
arguments.
The question is presented as part
of a larger discussion on the nature
of philosophical and imperial authority, yet it is clear that the imperial part
of the
argument is not necessary to its main thrust, as a result standing out all the more.
Employing biblical, theological, and
philosophical arguments, John Paul described the Christian conception
of man, and spoke about the inviolability
of human life, from conception to death.
I stated my position on many
of the
philosophical problems to which my teachers had introduced me, for instance the question
of internal and external relations; and I gave
arguments for the positions.
Our task is to work hard, master the
arguments (scientific, ethical,
philosophical, social), understand the history
of how we arrived here, defy the temptation to give up through boredom, build a coherent movement
of defiance, and thereby prepare if not ourselves, then at least the next generation, for the moment when the revolution collapses under the weight
of its own delusions and contradictions.
In what is to follow I will examine those strands
of Craig's
philosophical argument for the view that the universe began to exist which seem to be the strongest.
The central chapter on the Second Premise (K 65 - 140) contains: (i) a refutation
of the attempted application
of Cantor's transfinite mathematics to the domain
of extramental reality, (ii) two
philosophical arguments which attempt to show the conceptual absurdity
of the notion
of an infinite past
of finite actualities, and (iii) two
arguments from physics (concerning Big Bang and Thermodynamic theory, respectively) which attempt to show that probably the natural universe had an absolute beginning a finite time ago.
The series, in effect, is an
argument in favor
of these stories, albeit on different grounds — scientific rather than religious or
philosophical — though Bingham appears not to know this.
You say «In
philosophical arguments the onus
of proof rests on he who makes an assertion.»
It seems to me that a lot
of theological and
philosophical arguments come from people trying to say the same thing in different words.
Elton, William, Discussion: «On Hartshorne's Formulation
of the Ontological
Argument: A Criticism,»
Philosophical Review 54 (Jan., 1945), 63.
The role
of the ontological
argument in Hartshorne's
philosophical theology should not be exaggerated by pointing to this
argument as evidence
of the anti-empirical character
of Hartshorne's position, as a whole.
The Legacy Project aims not just to «promote» Hildebrandian ideas but above all to encourage a truly
philosophical reception
of his work — which is to say, a reception which does not dwell primarily on items
of purely scholarly concern but which weighs von Hildebrand's theses,
arguments, and formulations with the central question
of philosophy, «Is it true?»
«39 Since few people read Lowe's entire 1949 article in which the details
of his
argument are really presented, I will select a few
of the key contrasts Lowe reprinted in Understanding Whitehead, which contains an abridgement
of the 1949 article, in an effort to show that Gunter has really answered them already rendering Whitehead not so much Bergson's mathematical alter ego, 40 as something more approaching his
philosophical blood brother 41 According to Lowe, however, «it is fatal to the understanding
of Whitehead's constructive metaphysical effort to define it in Bergsonian terms.
For critical discussions
of Ogden's
argument and the entire book, see Langdon B. Gilkey, «A Theology in Process,» Interpretation, XXI, 4 (October 1967), 447 - 459; Ray L. Hart, «Schubert Ogden on the Reality
of God,» Religion In Life, XXXVI, 4 (Winter 1967), 506 - 515; Antony Flew, «Reflections on «The Reality
of God»,» The Journal
of Religion, 48, 2 (April 1968), 150 - 161: and Robert C. Neville, «Neoclassical Metaphysics and Christianity: A Critical Study
of Ogden's Reality
of God,» International
Philosophical Quarterly, IX, 4 (December 1969), 605 - 624.
Hartshorne offers a closely reasoned
philosophical argument for a doctrine
of God based, not on the classical metaphysical categories
of traditional theology, but on process philosophy that allows some non-absolute aspects
of God.
Philosophical and theological
arguments in favor
of immortality are not self - evident.
While well - acquainted with the tradition
of philosophical reflection on the soul and its relationship to the body, Fr Selman's knowledge
of recent scientific research relevant to his subject appears less impressive and his terminology, and even some
of his ideas and
arguments, can therefore appear outdated or irrelevant.
And most
of Man's Vision
of God, The Divine Relativity, 33 and the editorial contributions to Philosophers Speak
of God34 is a careful and extensive
argument for the
philosophical superiority and rational elegance
of the «dipolar» conception
of God in which the abstract, absolute side
of God is balanced by a concrete, relative side.
For that reason I thought Ivan's final sentence highly questionable, and fatal for Pomocon / Porcher dialogue: «we should not confuse the
philosophical argument in favor
of the local community, or a very reasonable attraction to its many virtues, with either the possibility or desirableness
of that arrangement for us today.»
Arguments in philosophical theology, analogous to arguments in history, science, law, or mathematics, can be mutually reinforcing, the weaknesses of some being compensated for by the strength o
Arguments in
philosophical theology, analogous to
arguments in history, science, law, or mathematics, can be mutually reinforcing, the weaknesses of some being compensated for by the strength o
arguments in history, science, law, or mathematics, can be mutually reinforcing, the weaknesses
of some being compensated for by the strength
of others.
The improbability
of intelligent life is not in doubt while the
argument about the degree
of improbability is more a matter
of «
philosophical» science.
It was this naive positivism that Kaplan accepted, rather than, for example, the much more sophisticated views
of his
philosophical mentor John Dewey, as the basis
of his
argument for religious naturalism.
My own sense is that the
philosophical arguments in favor
of immortality have not carried the day.
But if
philosophical inquiry thus discovers contingent aspects in God's full actuality, it also discovers the intrinsic limits
of its own inquiry into the mystery
of God, for no amount
of ingenious
argument can deduce the concrete, historical character
of that which happens to be, but which could have been otherwise.
We are urged to believe various doctrines concerning the incarnation, the atonement, and the resurrection
of Christ for which
philosophical evidence or
argument is quite inadequate, on the grounds that in these religious matters human knowledge can never suffice.
But early on, Dr. Plantinga defended a variety
of arguments for the existence
of God, marking the beginning
of his efforts to put theistic belief back on the
philosophical agenda.
«It seems to me that there is a persuasive case for believing that the doctrine
of Humanae Vitae, regardless
of the pastoral difficulty it causes, regardless
of the
philosophical and theological
arguments thrown against it, regardless
of the historical conditioning
of its neo-scholastic framework, has been, and is being taught infallibly, that is, irreversibly and without error, by the Church's ordinary universal magisterium.»
Every year, at every level
of culture, there's a flood
of words about it, from abstruse, high - theoretical juridical and
philosophical arguments to close - to - the - ground rants and breast - beatings.
That is, until Origen, the Cappadocians, and Augustine came along, all
of whom recognized the uniqueness
of Christian claims and the need for complementary
philosophical arguments.
This photograph vividly portrays Ford's seriousness
of purpose, including stern attention to intricacies
of argument and to the nuance
of textual details, and most
of all captures the total concentration
of intellectual energy and engagement with which Lewis Ford has unfailingly, throughout a long and distinguished career, approached the life
of philosophical reflection.
I would have dismissed it immediately as one
of those obscure and radical
philosophical arguments of no real - life consequence.
The war was promoted as a «just war» — the
argument that when a war meets certain
philosophical or religious purposes, for the greater good or rescue
of people from evil, that it is considered «just» in the eyes
of God and his people, an inescapable path for doing good through evil means.
In a lifetime which spans the best part
of a century, he has been a prolific writer on topics ranging from neoclassical theism, the ontological
argument for the existence
of God, and
philosophical psychology, to aesthetics, pacifism, and ornithology.