This paper will attempt an assessment of Leclerc's radical position, using as a foil the thought of the baroque scholastic, Francis Suarez.5 The latter was picked to fulfill such a function both because he represents the most complete summation of the older Aristotelian theory of substance Leclerc attempts to appropriate and reinterpret, and because he was the most important scholastic figure for the age that Leclerc sees as both the turning point in the history
of the philosophy of nature, and as the golden age of such a philosophy, namely, the modern age (PN 194 - 95).
They include expositions
of his philosophy of nature and his philosophy of science as well as more topical and critical treatments.
This alternative way, one which I have followed in my The Nature of Physical Existence (Allen & Unwin, in the Muirhead Library of Philosophy, 1972), is to seek to recover the problematic
of the philosophy of nature though a study
of the philosophy of nature in past periods, particularly those in which it has been vigorous.
It should be emphasized, what is sometimes liable to be overlooked, that Whitehead's recovery of the problematic
of the philosophy of nature would not have been possible without his having gone back extensively to earlier philosophy, especially Greek and that of the seventeenth century.
I would argue, therefore, that the philosophy of organism is sufficient, even if nor necessary, to fulfill Merleau - Ponty's desiderata
of a philosophy of nature.
His work is, as he states, exclusively in the field
of the philosophy of nature.
12 It may well be a legitimate and well - founded thesis
of the philosophy of nature (and in what follows we will confidently take it for granted) that infra - human living things are not reducible to purely material factors.
Not exact matches
«I will say that both pursuits appeal to a sense
of aesthetics and elegance, and that the self - officiated
nature of Ultimate conforms to
philosophies of truth and honesty which I hold as a mathematician,» writes Peter Behr, a designer who studied math, on Quora.
Emphasizing the Pythagorean proportions
of musical temperament and the calendrical regularities
of the sun, moon and planets, classical
philosophy used these key ratios
of nature as an analogue for shaping order in society's basic proportions.
We have long argued that our value investing
philosophy stands the test
of time because it only requires that: first, human
nature does not change; and second, we maintain our discipline.
This more general science is traditionally known as the
philosophy of nature.
Experimental evidence needs to be integrated into a broader
philosophy of nature if one wishes to find (or to deny) the existence
of a deity, but the deity so discovered would not yet be seen as the Creator.
Hume was a prodigy and published his system
of philosophy while in his mid-twenties in the form
of A Treatise
of Human
Nature.
Questions about the cause or
nature of the universe then become entirely different subjects like
philosophy and science.
And just so you know, I haven't yet tackled your important «Locke's Law
of Nature» essay in that great Natural Rights Individualism and Progressivism in American Political
Philosophy essay volume that came out last year.
A fundamental feature
of Whitehead's
philosophy of nature is his analysis
of continuous change.
The first embodies a
philosophy of space - time with a realistic position assumed and
nature accepted as consisting largely
of space and
of time (CN 33).
The
Philosophy of Nature.
She specializes in
philosophy of religion and is the editor
of Concepts
of the Ultimate: Philosophical Perspectives on the
Nature of the Divine.
The emphasis on actual entities and prehensions obscures the significance
of time in Whitehead's later
philosophy, although it was through the development
of the study
of time in
nature that his final position was reached.
Essays in the
Philosophy of Nature [Chicago: Willett, Clark & Company, 1937].
They need a religion that helps them respect differences (like the Hindu
philosophy that we all find a path to the truth, independent
of what god we worship), or the Buddhist
philosophy of improving ourselves and working with our community (independent
of gods and dogma), or the native religions that respect
nature and it's boundaries.
Rather because it excludes faith it also excludes philosophical reason, thereby deciding all ultimate questions in advance on the basis
of a liberal
philosophy of nature and reason so ubiquitous as to be invisible.
Many devout Christians still doubt the scientific evidence for evolution, yet material evolution is part
of the unfolding
of what might be termed God's script written within
Nature, something
of key importance to the
philosophy and theology
of the Faith movement.
This does not mean that Whitehead abandoned the temporal continuity expressed in the infinite divisibility
of events in the writings on the
philosophy of nature, but rather that this infinite divisibility was relegated to the domain
of the potential in terms
of the extensive continuum.
In terms
of Whitehead's total
philosophy the move toward a temporal
nature of God seems easy enough, but it was such a novel departure from traditional Western classical theism that it is no wonder that Whitehead was so long blind to these possibilities.
Here she draws support from ecofeminist
philosophy, which has exposed the longstanding links between the exploitation
of nature and that
of women.
In fact, Whitehead's doctrine
of the causal immanence
of the past in the present provides for the kind
of mutual «acting on» and «relating» that Leclerc's own reflections on the
philosophy of nature lead him to demand (The Nature of Physical Existence, p.
nature lead him to demand (The
Nature of Physical Existence, p.
Nature of Physical Existence, p. 309).
These include: the feeling
of deep trust and at - homeness inside oneself, with others, and in the universe; a fundamental respect for self, others, and
nature; the ability and the inclination to give and receive love; a lively awareness
of the wonder
of the commonplace — awe in the presence
of a new baby, a sunset, a friendship; a
philosophy of life that makes sense and guides decisions toward responsible behavior; a dedication with enthusiasm to the larger good
of persons and society.
The early Christians were Jewish in their conception
of the interior
nature of man and they never became anything else until they fell under the influence
of Greek
philosophy.
The major contribution
of interpersonal psychology to a comprehensive
philosophy of human
nature is that what a person becomes is decisively influenced by his relationships with other persons — chiefly those in his family in the first few years
of life.
Although, the various orthodox schools
of Hindu
philosophy have different views about the
nature of Vedic revelation, they accept the authority
of the Vedas and claim that that their thinking is based on these scriptures.
The postulation
of extraneous organizational principles leads biologists like Monod to classify Polanyi's thought as vitalistic.2 (Vitalism is the
philosophy of nature which holds that the existence
of life is exclusively the result
of some extra-material principle totally different from matter.)
It was also the most helpful for one concerned with
nature, science,
philosophy, liberal religion, and good writing — all
of which my wife had learned to appreciate before I met her.
According to Noddings, history (including
philosophy, theology, politics, societal structures) up to this point has obscured the
nature of the problem
of evil because all systems for dealing with it have been created, elaborated, and promoted by and for males.
Similarities
of development, part
of, or parallel to the processes discovered in biology, are now recognised in all branches
of empirical science, and have justifiably resulted in the universal acceptance by the intelligentsia
of all countries
of evolutionary
philosophies of matter and
of the
nature of living beings.
A little knowledge
of philosophy is also
of help, particularly as Descartes» theories are presented as throwing doubt on the
nature of human identity.
In redefining marriage and the family, the state not only embarks on an unprecedented expansion
of its powers into realms heretofore considered prior to or outside its reach, and not only does it usurp functions and prerogatives once performed by intermediary associations within civil society, it also exercises these powers by tacitly redefining what the human being is and committing the nation to a decidedly post-Christian (and ultimately post-human) anthropology and
philosophy of nature.
It is because no
philosophy can be regarded as philosophically absolute that the Christian can and should choose among
philosophies [so long as they are philosophically
of equal merit) the one that shares his own vision
of the fundamental
nature of things.
If the
nature of horseness is a static constant, as it seems to befor St Thomas and Aristotle, the question arises: can this
philosophy really give an adequate account
of the continuum
of development in life forms that lies at the heart
of the theory
of evolution?
According to the «Real
Philosophy,» we should find out the truth
of things by careful measurement and bold experiments, not reading our own preoccupations and bad habits into the world
of nature.
Philosophy has to take notice of what is established by natural scientists but, equally, philosophy enables usto judge some of the things said by scientists, for example, about the nature
Philosophy has to take notice
of what is established by natural scientists but, equally,
philosophy enables usto judge some of the things said by scientists, for example, about the nature
philosophy enables usto judge some
of the things said by scientists, for example, about the
nature of matter.
This reduction
of the
nature of modern scientific methodology is hard to maintain in the light
of most contemporary
philosophy of science, as Stephen Barr for instance has shown in this magazine.
``... the future
of Christian
philosophy will therefore depend on the existence or absence
of theologians equipped with scientific training, no doubt limited but genuine and, within its own limits, sufficient for them to follow with understanding such lofty dialogues not only in mathematics and physics but also in biology and wherever the knowledge
of nature reaches the level
of demonstration.»
His most substantial work was Outlines
of Cosmic
Philosophy (1874), though smaller works such as The Destiny
of Man (1884), The Idea
of God (1885), and Through
Nature to God (1899), were more influential.
With the
philosophy of Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650), the
nature of reality was no longer seen as writ large over the universe only to be discovered by the exercise
of reason but rather was what the human mind perceived, interpreted, made it to be («Cogito, ergo sum.
In the next chapter we shall examine the specific ideas
of process
philosophy with respect to the
nature of love.
Cf. also Dorothy Emmet, The
Nature of Metaphysical Thinking (Macmillan, 1945), and Function, Purpose and Powers (Macmillan, 1958); Susanne Langer,
Philosophy in a New Key (Harvard University Press, 1958).
Second, if our knowledge
of God is based exclusively on the history
of Jesus Christ and not on pre-Christian
philosophies, then the human attributes
of Christ in time also tell us what God is in his very
nature and being as God.
Even though Whitehead seems to have developed his Categories in response to issues in the
philosophy of nature, still nothing in reality can be an exception to the Categories, especially the Category
of Categories, so how does the Category
of the Ultimate intersect with Whitehead's theism?