The discovery
of planets orbiting stars beyond our solar system is coming at a faster rate than ever before, but that makes each new planet found no less thrilling.
On this episode of the SpaceGeeks podcast, Dan Leone talks to Sara Seager, who started out as a painfully shy, friendless child and grew up to become a MacArthur Foundation genius grant winner for her pioneering work studying the atmospheres
of planets orbiting stars lightyears from Earth.
The instrument detects tiny wobbles of nearby stars caused by the gravitational pull
of planets orbiting those stars - a sensitive and challenging phenomenon to measure.
Astronomers are finding hundreds
of planets orbiting stars other than our sun, some of them not much bigger than Earth.
Of the trillions of stars (most of which probably have some rocky planets orbiting it from the leftovers of its formation) there are probably plenty
of planets orbiting their stars at the same distance as ours with varying conditions, ours just happened to be right for humans to evolve and be here today.
Carr and the other research team members set out to study the protoplanetary disk around a star known as HD 100546, and as sometimes happens in scientific inquiry, it was by «chance» that they stumbled upon the formation
of the planet orbiting this star.
Holman says the changes in the transit times of these planets were enhanced by the fact that one
of the planets orbits the star in almost exactly half of the time that it takes the other, as such «orbital resonances» increase their gravitational interaction.
A few
of the planets orbiting a star called TRAPPIST - 1, which is 40 light years away, have shown another sign they might be right for life: water.
Sarah Ballard, a CfA graduate student and member of the Kepler team, described on September 12 a newly uncovered pair
of planets orbiting the star Kepler 19.
Even though many
of the planets orbit their stars very closely and have high temperatures, which in turn causes their hydrogen - rich atmospheres to expand and a fraction of the gases to escape the planet over time, it's unlikely that the planets will lose enough of their atmosphere to become rocky bodies like Earth, the researchers report online today in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
A coronagraph blocks the light from a star to enable direct detection
of the planets orbiting the star.
Not exact matches
One
of the
planets, a Neptune - sized
planet orbiting a
star about 470 light years away, is just 11 million years old.
There's no scientific consensus as to how many
of those
stars might be like our own Sun, and how many may have Earth - like
planets orbiting around them.
Next, if you take the lowest estimate
of how many
of those Sun - like
stars have an Earth - like
planet orbiting it (22 %), that means about 100 billion billion other Earth - like
planets are out there.
The
planets orbit an «ultracool dwarf,» a
star much smaller and cooler than the sun, but still possibly warm enough to allow for liquid water on the surfaces
of at least two
of the
planets.
Oh, so in the vast known Universe, which reaches out for 15 BILLION light years in all directions, with over 100 BILLION galaxies, containing an average
of 100 BILLION
stars each, with most
of those
stars now thought to have multiple
planets orbiting around them, you can't imagine that there would be at least ONE little
planet SOMEWHERE with the right conditions for life without divine intervention?
Can you prove that
orbiting a few thousand
of those trillion trillion
stars there aren't other
planets on which he has also created life?
Odds
of me being me on this
planet orbiting this
star?
Around each
star, there could be anywhere from zero to thousands
of planets orbiting.
After a lot
of time on a small
planet orbiting a minor
star at the outskirts
of a nondescript spiral galaxy, out
of those billions
of billions
of planets, had the right conditions (right energy and matter flux, etc) for biology to emerge from chemistry.
Calculations indicate that in several ways it is quite an Earth - like
planet: its radius is 1.2 to 2.5 times that
of Earth; its mass is 3.1 to 4.3 times greater; and, crucially, its
orbit lies within its
star's «Goldilocks zone», which means its surface temperature is neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water - and therefore potentially life - to exist on its surface.
It is one
of six
planets discovered around this
star, all
of which have near - circular
orbits.
One insignificant
planet orbiting one insignificant
star out
of billions, in one insignificant galaxy out
of billions
of other galaxies, and we are somehow the sole focus
of a greater being that by all accounts has not had any provable direct communication with mankind, ever?
When a
planet orbits in front
of its host
star, it temporarily blocks a tiny portion
of starlight, and these dips will be recorded by TESS» four ultrasensitive cameras.
Both
planets are many hundreds
of light - years away and
orbit stars smaller and dimmer than our sun.
When astronomers in February announced the discovery
of seven
planets orbiting a supercool
star, details about the outermost
planet were sketchy.
Astronomers conducting a galactic census
of planets in the Milky Way now suspect most
of the universe's habitable real estate exists on worlds
orbiting red dwarf
stars, which are smaller but far more numerous than
stars like our Sun.
Although a mechanical failure recently put the telescope out
of commission (SN: 6/15/13, p. 10), Kepler's census
of planets orbiting roughly 170,000
stars is enabling astronomers to predict how common
planets...
Artist's interpretation
of a hypothetical moon in
orbit around a
planet found in a tight - knit triple -
star system.
This picture is a closeup
of a part
of the material in the hole, and it may very well be that the blue spot is a
planet, and the red swirl is material falling onto the
planet - in other words, the
planet is still forming from junk
orbiting the
star!
The KELT monitors bright
stars in large sections
of the sky, searching for
planets that
orbit extremely closely.
The discovery
of seven Earth - sized
planets orbiting a single cool
star fuels a debate over what counts as good news in the search for life outside the solar system.
Planets usually
orbit near the plane
of their
star's equator.
The International Astronomical Union defines «
planet» as a celestial body that, within the Solar System that is in
orbit around the Sun; has sufficient mass for its self - gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape; and has cleared the neighbourhood around its
orbit; or within another system, it is in
orbit around a
star or stellar remnants; has a mass below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion
of deuterium; and is above the minimum mass / size requirement for planetary status in the Solar System.
He is also part
of a NASA team that will soon be using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) to find Earth - like
planets orbiting in or near the habitable zone
of their
stars.
The researchers believe the presence
of multiple
stars in a system could be a clue as to how
planets finally settle into their
orbits.
Our analysis strongly suggests we are observing a disk
of hot gas that surrounds a forming giant
planet in
orbit around the
star.
Dubbed Kepler 438 b and Kepler 442 b, both
planets appear to be rocky and
orbit in the not - too - hot, not - too - cold habitable zones
of their
stars where liquid water can exist in abundance.
At the fall meeting
of the American Geophysical Union on Dec. 13, 2017, in New Orleans, Louisiana, Brain described how insights from the MAVEN mission could be applied to the habitability
of rocky
planets orbiting other
stars.
Brain and his colleagues started to think about applying these insights to a hypothetical Mars - like
planet in
orbit around some type
of M -
star, or red dwarf, the most common class
of stars in our galaxy.
Although it isn't possible today to say whether the
planets harbor life, astronomers are excited because each
planet's
orbit passes in front
of — or «transits» — its parent
star.
TRAPPIST - 1, which is 39 light - years distant and just 8 % the mass
of the sun, caught the team's attention because it was obvious from multiple dips that more than one
planet orbited the
star.
«This also allows for searches for transmitters that are many orders
of magnitude less powerful than those that would be detectable from a
planet orbiting even the most nearby
stars.»
We're being surprised over and over again: circumbinary
planets, which
orbit two
stars instead
of one, for example, or compact multi-planet systems.
Among other expected insights, a more detailed study
of the chaotic Pluto - Charon system could reveal how
planets orbiting a distant binary
star might behave.
Because
planets that are close to their
stars are easier for telescopes to see, most
of the rocky super-Earths discovered so far have close - in
orbits — with years lasting between about two to 100 Earth days — making the worlds way too hot to host life as we know it.
John Tobin
of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia, and colleagues found that the disc's motion mirrors the way
planets orbit stars, hinting that it has all the right moves for
planet formation (Nature, doi.org/jxm).
Captured by Kepler's digital sensors, transformed into bytes
of data, and downloaded to computers at NASA's Ames Research Center near San Francisco, the processed starlight slowly revealed a remarkable story: A
planet not much bigger than Earth was whipping around its native
star at a blistering pace, completing an
orbit — its version
of a «year» — in just over 20 hours.
In addition to dark matter studies, WFIRST would «complete the demographic survey
of planets orbiting other
stars, answer questions about how galaxies and groups
of galaxies form, study the atmospheres and compositions ofplanets
orbiting other
stars, and address other general astrophysics questions,» according to the statement from NASA.
The
planet's gravity should bend starlight, shifting the position
of stars ever so slightly, and this effect should be detectable by a satellite currently in
orbit.