The reconstruction of long - term fire histories in a given area of a size far greater than the classical lake catchment necessitates time - consuming field research using several complementary methods, including radiocarbon dating of charcoal, tree - ring dating and sometimes allometric scaling
of plant traits, to accurately date ancient and recent fire events.
Map kinases are involved in different signaling chains responding to a wide range of environmental stimuli and stresses, and a detailed understanding of the cross talk between them is a prerequisite for accurate manipulation
of plant traits.
David Lee, a tropical botanist at Florida International University in Miami, says that although the evidence is speculative, the study suggests that «to understand the evolution
of plant traits, you also need to look at extinct herbivores and their interactions with the plants.»
«The scarcity of field measurements presents a major roadblock in creating high resolution global maps
of plant traits,» said Ethan Butler, co-lead author and postdoctoral associate in the Department of Forest Resources at UMN's College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS).
Based on measurements of 45,000 individual plants from 3,680 species, and using high - tech statistical mapping protocols, the team created global maps
of plant traits including leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, and specific leaf area (a measure of area displayed to intercept light per unit investment in leaf biomass).
Incorporating this local variability
of plant traits in the ESMs will lead to more accurate modeling of carbon cycle feedbacks.
Scientists tracked down a multitude
of plant trait data by using a variety of plant data bases that included thousands of species.
Not exact matches
One
of the hardest
traits to obtain is the ability to know when to keep your feet
planted and when to walk out the door.
In August, the commission opened an in - depth investigation due to concerns that such a significant merger could distort competition in three areas: pesticides, seeds and
traits (a characteristic
of a
plant).
Humans have been breeding
plants to have desirable
traits for thousands
of years.
In my cross cultural setting, one aspect
of this is to be aware
of where our church
plants are taking on
traits of our own home culture instead
of the local culture.
During the process
of domestication,
plants undergo changes in certain
traits that make them more amenable to humans and agriculture such as larger seeds, larger fruits, a compact growth habit, and so on.
Phenotypic diversity, or the diversity
of the visible
plant traits does not fully reflect the genetic diversity that underlies it.
Selection for this suite
of traits leaves a mark on the
plant's genome by the reduction
of genetic diversity in the areas that code for these
traits.
The most notable
trait of flax seed is that they are the richest sources
of plant based omega -3-fatty acids in the world.
They are
planting several varieties
of rice with different
traits and characteristics as insurance on whatever impacts the climate may bring them.
Beyond this, the unique power
of GM lies in its ability to incorporate novel genes with useful
traits for rice, including genes from
plants and organisms unrelated to rice, into new rice varieties that can not be achieved using other breeding methods.
The newer process
of genetic engineering, which involves inserting genes from unrelated species into a
plant's genome to add desirable
traits, has been used in crops such as corn, soy, and potatoes.
Thus a new generation
of Terminator research is focused on biological containment to prevent engineered genetic
traits (transgenes) from spreading to non-GM food
plants and wild relatives.
Using genetic engineering or transgenic technology, the DNA
of plants and animals is combined with the DNA
of other species and artificially modified to exhibit
traits such as resistance to cold or herbicides.
This wide variety
of traits means that you can not easily sell seeds saved from F1
plants, because you can not tell what you are going to get.
Co-authored and illustrated with Elaheh Bos
of Plant Love Grow, this book is designed to give children a visual example
of what it means to develop positive character
traits.
Demeter farms work according to biodynamic principles, in harmony with nature, and they respect the species - specific
traits of animals and
plants.
Furthermore, B. nipponica adults have intrinsic
traits that may facilitate their actions as dispersal agents for this mycoheterotrophic herb: (1) their abundance in the
plant habitat; (2) they are ground - dwelling, which means they defecate on the forest floor where M. humile's fungal partners, Russulaceae, reside; and (3) the long transit times
of seeds through their gut (3 - 10 h) providing occasional long - distance seed dispersal.
Mendel, who theorized that unseen units were transmitting
traits from one generation to the next, based his conclusion on a mind - numbing series
of experiments involving more than 30,000 pea
plants.
Data were collected on the amount
of irrigation, total
plant biomass, moisture content at harvest, forage quality and other agronomic
traits.
If you've ever taken a biology class, you may recall seeing a portrait
of Mendel next to a picture
of pea
plants that vary in
traits such as their height and the color and shape
of their seeds (round or wrinkled; green or yellow).
Possessing chlorophyll and engaging in photosynthesis are often given as important defining
traits of plants.
Lucie Poulet said: «Challenges remain in terms
of nutrient delivery, lighting and ventilation, but also in the choice
of plant species and
traits to favour.
By counting the proportions
of these
traits in several generations
of pea
plants, the inquisitive monk concluded that these features must derive from pairs
of what we now call genes, which he discovered were randomly divided between offspring.
But patents are more restrictive, says Niels Louwaars, director
of Plantum, a
plant breeder's association in Gouda, the Netherlands: «When one
trait in a
plant is patented, you are in principle not allowed under the research exemption to use such materials for further breeding» without the patent holder's permission, he says.
According to Bueckert, a
plant scientist at the University
of Saskatchewan, «tolerance to heat stress in peas seems to be dependent on quite a few
traits.»
She will «resurrect»
plants from seeds collected across the scarlet monkeyflower's geographic range before and after the 2010 - 2014 study to learn about the impact
of strong climatic events on the genetic variation
of important
traits.
«Identifying
traits that make pea
plants more resistant to heat stress is one piece
of the puzzle,» says Bueckert.
Digital
plants like these are part
of a new movement in agricultural science called «in silico,» where researchers design highly accurate, computer - simulated crops to help speed up selective breeding, in which
plants are chosen and replanted to amplify their desirable
traits.
This is one
of the first and most extensive studies that instead focused on the characteristics
of the
plant defensive
traits through fieldwork and laboratory analyses
of the anti-herbivore chemicals.
According to Peter Reich, the project leader, «Current ESMs represent variation in
plant life using crude averages
of trait values
of plants; a model might be as simplistic as assuming all leaves in Amazonia or Alaska are identical.
«Subsequently, sophisticated statistical approaches were used to extrapolate
plant trait values using a combination
of climate, soil and spatial information.
Detailed global maps
of key
traits in higher
plants have been made available for the first time, thanks to work led by researchers from the University
of Minnesota's (UMN) College
of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences (CFANS).
After 8 years
of cultivating some 28,000 pea
plants and analyzing seven pairs
of seed and
plant traits, Mendel uncovered the fundamentals
of heredity, including the concepts
of dominant and recessive
traits, and recombination.
Singh's collaborator, Randall Nelson, the research leader
of the ARS soybean / maize research unit,
plants seeds from Singh's most promising experiments, grows the
plants and distributes their seeds to other scientists, who screen them for desirable
traits and conduct their own breeding experiments.
By using an intensified management system that included increased
plant population, transgenic (Bt
trait) insect resistance, strobilurin - containing fungicide, balanced crop nutrition (phosphorus - sulfur - zinc), and supplemental side - dressed nitrogen, the researchers saw a yield increase
of 28 percent more corn grain compared to that
of a standard management system.
Further crosses have introduced the tomentella genes into those
of the soybean
plants, creating soybean
plants with 40 chromosomes and some
of the most desirable tomentella
traits.
As a result, soybean breeders now have access to dozens
of new soybean lineages, each with some
of the
traits of the wild Australian
plants.
Xi's work also shows that even the genes that Rafflesia
plants inherited from their own ancestors have appropriated the characteristics
of the vines» genes; up to 30 percent
of the corpse flowers» native genes code for proteins (the process that helps to determine physical
traits) in a way that's more like the vines» than like its fellow Malpighiales».
Approximately one - half
of the inoculated
plants developed symptoms
of Goss's wilt, regardless
of the presence or absence
of transgenic
traits.
Seed predation is an important ecological process that can affect the reproductive success
of individual
plants, the dynamics
of plant populations, and the evolution
of defensive dispersal mechanisms and
plant morphological
traits.
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a flowering
plant native to the Sonoran desert and southwest United States, has a laundry list
of traits that make it a fierce competitor on the farm, said Aaron Hager, a University
of Illinois crop sciences professor.
On the basis
of dubious experiments, Lysenko postulated that
plants could pass environmentally - acquired
traits to their offspring, a theory discredited by modern science, not least by the discovery
of DNA's structure in 1953.
A new research study from University
of Florida Institute for
Plant Innovation scientists Jessica Gilbert, Michael Schwieterman, Thomas Colquhoun, David Clark, and James W. Olmstead (HortScience, July 2013) sought to measure the characteristics associated with the «blueberry eating experience» by prioritizing the
traits that could help improve flavor.