Not exact matches
The
intensity, duration, and frequency
of extreme temperature - and
precipitation - based events are key components to understanding the climate
of Chesapeake Bay.
The models also projected an increase in
intensity of the ARs, meaning an AR impacting the UK in the future is projected to deliver more moisture, potentially causing larger
precipitation totals.
The study establishes a method for estimating UHI
intensities using PRISM — Parameter - elevation Relationships on Independent Slopes Model — climate data, an analytical model that creates gridded estimates by incorporating climatic variables (temperature and
precipitation), expert knowledge
of climatic events (rain shadows, temperature inversions and coastal regimes) and digital elevation.
Given the revised timeline in this region, Willenbring and colleagues determined that the increased
precipitation resulted from changes in the
intensity of the sun's radiation on the Earth, which is based on the planet's tilt in orbit.
Their hydrogen isotopic composition can be used as an indicator
of past
precipitation intensity.
Climate scientists know that the
intensity of extreme
precipitation events is on the rise because there's more water vapor in the atmosphere caused by higher global and sea temperatures.
This lengthened journey prolongs their growth stage and boosts the eventual
intensity and amount
of precipitation.
This is addressed by evaluating change in global or large - scale patterns in the frequency or
intensity of extremes (e.g., observed widespread intensification
of precipitation extremes attributed to human influence, increase in frequency and
intensity of hot extremes) and by event attribution methods.
Knutson, T.R., and R.E. Tuleya, 2004: Impact
of CO2 - induced warming on simulated hurricane
intensity and
precipitation: Sensitivity to the choice
of climate model and convective parameterization.
Data analyses have found an increase
of drought
intensity at many locations [130]--[131] The magnitude
of change depends on the drought index employed [132], but soil moisture provides a good means to separate the effect
of shifting seasonal
precipitation and confirms an overall drought intensification [37].
The drainage basin as an open system with inputs (
precipitation of varying type and
intensity), outputs (evaporation and transpiration), flows (infiltration, throughflow, overland flow and base flow) and stores (including vegetation, soil, aquifers and the cryosphere)
We know that
precipitation intensity has been increasing (the amount
of rain that falls in the most intense events) across the northern hemisphere — this was clear in the literature even before the Pall et al paper.
The assessment considered the impacts
of several key drivers
of climate change: sea level change; alterations in
precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery
of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and
intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels
of atmospheric CO2.
The mean
precipitation intensity is related to the mean evaporation and is proportional to the ratio
of the areas
of evaporation and rainfall:
By looking at the signatures
of climate change in
precipitation intensity and comparing that to the internal variability and the observation, the researchers conclude that the probability
of intense
precipitation on any given day has increased by 7 percent over the last 50 years — well outside the bounds
of natural variability.
The differences in the area
of evaporation and
precipitation has a similar effect as a funnel: if the mean evaporation over a large area is returned a smaller, then the mean
intensity is amplified by the factor
of.
He cited a recent analysis by scientists from the National Climatic Data Center that confirmed earlier studies showing a substantial increase already in the
intensity of precipitation across the United States, interspersed by longer dry spells.
«Century
of Data Shows Intensification
of Water Cycle but No Increase in Storms or Floods Released: 3/15/2006 12:13:21 PM» (excerpt) A review
of the findings from more than 100 peer - reviewed studies shows that although many aspects
of the global water cycle have intensified, including
precipitation and evaporation, this trend has not consistently resulted in an increase in the frequency or
intensity of tropical storms or floods over the past century.
Knutson & Tuleya (2004) Impact
of CO2 - Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane
Intensity and
Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice
of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization, J. Clim.
Understanding past changes in the characteristics
of such events, including recent increases in the
intensity of heavy
precipitation events over a large part
of the Northern Hemisphere land area (3 — 5), is critical for reliable projections
of future changes.
-- Increases in
intensity and frequency
of heat waves and extreme
precipitation events (a category in which it includes droughts, floods, hurricanes and major storms)
«Since the AR4, there is some new limited direct evidence for an anthropogenic influence on extreme
precipitation, including a formal detection and attribution study and indirect evidence that extreme
precipitation would be expected to have increased given the evidence
of anthropogenic influence on various aspects
of the global hydrological cycle and high confidence that the
intensity of extreme
precipitation events will increase with warming, at a rate well exceeding that
of the mean
precipitation..
Feynman andRuzmaikin (1999) found that, «the
intensity of cosmic rays incident on the magnetopause has decreased markedly during this century,» i.e., the twentieth century (and also that, «the pattern
of cosmic ray
precipitation through the magnetosphere to the upper troposphere has also changed.»
Visible changes in hydrological cycle have been observed in the form
of changing
precipitation patterns, cropping patterns, droughts, water availability periods, frequency and
intensity of heatwaves,
precipitation events and weather - induced natural disasters.
They include soaring temperatures, declining late - season snowpack, northward - shifted winter storm tracks, increasing
precipitation intensity, the worst drought since measurements began, steep declines in Colorado River reservoir storage, widespread vegetation mortality, and sharp increases in the frequency
of large wildfires.
Thomas R. Knutson and Robert E. Tuleya, «Impact
of CO2 - Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane
Intensity and
Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice
of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization,» Journal
of Climate, vol.
This is especially true for the temperature extremes, but
intensity, frequency and distribution
of extreme
precipitation are less well simulated.
These might include the frequency and
intensity of precipitation or heat waves, as well as other phenomena that occur naturally but whose magnitude or frequency could be subject to anthropogenic influences.
Accordingly, there is less certainty about the changes in frequency and
intensity of tropical cyclones on a regional basis than for temperature and
precipitation changes.
resulting in increased severity and / or
intensity of heat waves, heavy
precipitation events, droughts, tropical cyclones and extreme high sea levels [AR4 WGI SPM, p. 8],
Increases in the frequency and
intensity of extreme
precipitation events are projected for all U.S. regions.
Moreover, because
of the effects
of wind speed, evaporation, and
precipitation intensity, different types
of rain gauge, and observation techniques induce different errors in
precipitation measurements.
Given projected increases in the frequency and
intensity of extreme
precipitation events in the Midwest (Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 6), 57 it appears that sewer overflow will continue to constitute a significant current health threat and a critical source
of climate change vulnerability for major urban areas within the Midwest.
precipitation, and
intensity / time, and soil readiness to absorb rain — and much else — are going to affect how much soil moisture increases after the rain's done, versus how much
of that rain ran off somewhere else.
For the entire Northern Hemisphere, there is evidence
of an increase in both storm frequency and
intensity during the cold season since 1950,1 with storm tracks having shifted slightly towards the poles.2, 3 Extremely heavy snowstorms increased in number during the last century in northern and eastern parts
of the United States, but have been less frequent since 2000.11,15 Total seasonal snowfall has generally decreased in southern and some western areas, 16 increased in the northern Great Plains and Great Lakes region, 16,17 and not changed in other areas, such as the Sierra Nevada, although snow is melting earlier in the year and more
precipitation is falling as rain versus snow.18 Very snowy winters have generally been decreasing in frequency in most regions over the last 10 to 20 years, although the Northeast has been seeing a normal number
of such winters.19 Heavier - than - normal snowfalls recently observed in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. in some years, with little snow in other years, are consistent with indications
of increased blocking (a large scale pressure pattern with little or no movement)
of the wintertime circulation
of the Northern Hemisphere.5 However, conclusions about trends in blocking have been found to depend on the method
of analysis, 6 so the assessment and attribution
of trends in blocking remains an active research area.
2: Our Changing Climate, Key Message 5).2 Regional climate models (RCMs) using the same emissions scenario also project increased spring
precipitation (9 % in 2041 - 2062 relative to 1979 - 2000) and decreased summer
precipitation (by an average
of about 8 % in 2041 - 2062 relative to 1979 - 2000) particularly in the southern portions
of the Midwest.12 Increases in the frequency and
intensity of extreme
precipitation are projected across the entire region in both GCM and RCM simulations (Figure 18.6), and these increases are generally larger than the projected changes in average
precipitation.12, 2
Balling, Jr., R. C., and G. B. Goodrich, 2011: Spatial analysis
of variations in
precipitation intensity in the USA.
Results show that higher - resolution models significantly improve the simulation
of mean
precipitation, the distribution
of precipitation, and spatial patterns,
intensity and seasonality
of precipitation extremes.
Additional research is examining other types
of climate extremes in
precipitation and event
intensity.
In this paper, the
intensity and the spatial structure
of ocean - atmosphere feedback terms (
precipitation, surface wind stress, and ocean surface heat flux) associated with ENSO are evaluated for six different reanalysis products.
There are multiple studies associating extreme
precipitation events with waterborne disease outbreaks and strong climatological evidence for increasing frequency and
intensity of extreme
precipitation events in the future.
Recognizing that the impacts
of changes in the frequency and
intensity of these storms can easily exceed the impacts
of changes in average temperature or
precipitation, climate scientists are actively researching the connections between climate change and severe storms.
Although there is as yet no convincing evidence in the observed record
of changes in tropical cyclone behaviour, a synthesis
of the recent model results indicates that, for the future warmer climate, tropical cyclones will show increased peak wind speed and increased mean and peak
precipitation intensities.
No matter the probability or
intensity of USGS ARkStorm it would have to drop
precipitation (not snowpack which melts slower) where the watersheds are for the 10 dams in Northern California shown on the map at the following link (the 2 dams in Southern California only receive water from the Northern Cal dams and should not be considered): Link
As I explained above — major dams are designed by a different method
of estimating probable maximum
precipitation from recorded high
intensity storm
precipitation transformed by local and regional factors including moisture availability.
Under this scenario, peak
precipitation rates are likely to increase by 25 % as a result
of increases in maximum tropical cyclone wind
intensities, which in turn cause higher storm surges.
A new Nature Geoscience paper (subscription required) considers the
intensity of precipitation measured hour by hour for a century in the Dutch town
of De Bilt.
Warmer waters increase storm
intensity /
precipitation and create coral bleaching, thus destroys the world's coral reef's, a ocean ecosystem «the rainforest
of the ocean» and contains major food web's.
The
intensity / frequency
of precipitation events in a global context under the wider context
of climate change is always worth exploring.
America's WETLAND Foundation Restore - Adapt - Mitigate: Responding To Climate Change Through Coastal Habitat Restoration PDF Coastal habitats are being subjected to a range
of stresses from climate change; many
of these stresses are predicted to increase over the next century The most significant effects are likely to be from sea - level rise, increased storm and wave
intensity, temperature increases, carbon dioxide concentration increases, and changes in
precipitation that will alter freshwater delivery.....