Sentences with phrase «of precursor molecule»

Now her team has finished the end of the pathway, engineering yeasts to synthesise finished drugs from another type of precursor molecule (Nature Chemical Biology, DOI: 10.1038 / nchembio.1613).

This forms one of the precursor molecules, which is lead plus long oleate ligands, and a byproduct of water.

Glucosamine is well - regarded as one of the precursor molecules of glycosaminoglycans which are, in turn, very important component of cartilage, the tissue that makes up the joints.

Not exact matches

... The direct synthesis of... nucleotides from prebiotic precursors in reasonable yield and unaccompanied by larger amounts of unrelated molecules could not be achieved by presently known chemical reactions» (5).

Golden Rice is a strain that is genetically modified by molecular techniques (and therefore labeled a genetically modified organism or GMO) to produce β - carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Vitamin A is an essential component of the light - absorbing molecule rhodopsin in the eye.

Splicing of the Tetrahymena ribosomal RNA precursor is mediated by the folded structure of the RNA molecule and therefore occurs in the absence of any protein in vitro.

Simple aromatic molecules such as benzonitrile may be precursors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, providing a chemical link to the carriers of the unidentified infrared bands.

Baur and colleagues examined the role of NAD precursor molecules on mitochondria by specifically disrupting the «NAD salvage pathway,» in mouse skeletal muscle.

Biochemist Gerald Joyce of the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, and postdoctoral student John Reader wondered whether a more primitive RNA molecule resembling a hypothetical RNA precursor could trigger this same reaction.

At the American Physical Society meeting in March scientists reported that our makeup of complex molecules based on carbon and hydrogen is no fluke and that precursors to terrestrial life's distinctive chemistry apparently abound in distant space.

«By trapping the precursors of malodours in the MIP, these are inaccessible for hydrolysis by enzymes in the skin bacteria and thus odorous molecules will not be formed.»

Now, researchers have succeeded by first synthesizing a larger precursor that has a couple of extra hydrogen atoms on it that stabilize the molecule.

Bloch, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and his Harvard colleagues discovered that cholesterol's major precursor is acetic acid, a two - carbon molecule.

In 2016, Cornelia Meinert of the University Nice Sophia Antipolis in France and colleagues showed that irradiated ice forms a cornucopia of molecules essential to life, including ribose, the backbone of RNA, which may have been a precursor to DNA (SN: 4/30/16, p. 18).

In just two years of work with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope, astronomers have discovered eight new organic molecules near the center of the Milky Way, bolstering theories that key chemical precursors of life were first forged in deep space.

During synthesis, GDF8 or myostatin, is made as a precursor which remains in a dormant state with half of the molecule holding the section of GDF8 responsible for signaling inactive, says Thompson.

The new results point to sulfites and bisulfites as a new class of molecules — ones that were actually available on early Earth — that chemists can now test in the lab, to see whether they can synthesize from these molecules the precursors for life.

They also found that distant metastases and their precursors processed glucose through a growth - promoting series of metabolic reactions called the pentose phosphate pathway, which burns (or oxidizes) glucose - derived molecules into building blocks for tumors.

They found that organic compounds, called amino nitriles, the molecular precursors to amino acids, were able to use molecules present in interstellar ice to trigger the formation of the backbone molecule, 2 - deoxy - D - ribose, of DNA.

Astronomers recently saw the chemical signature of phosphorus - oxygen molecules in a star - forming region, suggesting that simple precursors of DNA float in the soup of new solar systems.

Eventually he found that if he treated GRP cells with a special signaling molecule, they generated a type of astrocyte called GDA (glial - restricted precursor derived astrocyte).

For the first time, complex organic molecules (depicted by stick molecules in the artist's representation above) that are potential precursors to some building blocks of life have been spotted in the protoplanetary disk surrounding another star.

Previously, researchers have shown that treating cells with neuregulin - 1, for example, dampens levels of amyloid precursor protein, a molecule that generates amyloid beta, which aggregate and form plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.

The spacecraft's sensitive spectrometer was able to register the chemical signatures not only of water vapor but also of hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide — all precursors of the more complex molecules that scientists think eventually gave rise to life on Earth.

Vitamin B3 serves as a precursor for NAD, the «aging molecule» at the heart of energy metabolism.

But doing calculations and following the synthesis processes suggested to Zherebetskyy and Wang that there might still be water in the precursor molecules: indeed, a series of spectroscopic experiments showed that the water binds strongly to the precursors and serves as a source of hydroxyl groups, charge 1 -, that can also allow passivation.

When life on Earth was first getting started, simple molecules bonded together into the precursors of modern genetic material.

Then, by systematically applying a range of monochloramine and dichloramine doses to pharmaceutical precursors, they were able to determine which molecule was the root cause of NDMA formation.

To verify their approach, they first used a precursor molecule with a well - known reaction, dimethylamine, and compared their experimental results to those of a computer modeling program before testing the four other precursors.

But unlike DNA, which has a single job, RNA can play many parts — including acting as a precursor for small molecules that block the activity of genes.

They were looking for a site with a venting process that produces a lot of hydrogen because of the potential it holds for the chemical, or abiotic, creation of organic molecules like methane — possible precursors to the prebiotic compounds from which life on Earth emerged.

These products, including the major malarial by - product hemozoin, malarial proteins and as yet undefined virulence factors, induce MyD88 - dependent inflammatory responses in osteoclast and osteoblast precursors, leading to increased RANKL expression (a key molecule inducing osteoclast differentiation), and over-stimulation of osteoclastogenesis favoring bone resorption.»

Previous studies have revealed that exercise induces the production of irisin and its precursor molecule, FNDC5 (fibronectin - type III domain - containing 5) protein, which convert white fat tissue into beneficial, calorie - burning brown fat.

It involves injecting short segments of an insulin precursor molecule into the blood, helping to train immune cells to stop attacking the insulin - producing pancreatic cells.

Together, these molecules confer the normal brown body color, possibly as a result of a physical interaction or joint use as precursors in a downstream biosynthetic step.

This observation led to the hypothesis that the gene for NGF evolved from an ancestral gene for proinsulin, the large precursor polypeptide that is cleaved to yield the active molecule of insulin.

They observed that the fly was born alive but without wings; so the removal of this molecule caused the death of all cell precursors of this tissue (if histone 1 is removed from the entire fly, the embryo dies).

Enceladus Life Finder, which would fly through plumes multiple times to collect and characterize the molecules that are there — particularly complex organic compounds that could indicate precursors of life.

The TOMM40 gene encodes a barrel - shaped protein in the outer membrane of mitochondria that forms a channel for molecules — including the precursor to amyloid — to enter.

They then experimented with varying combinations of well - known signaling molecules, including WNT, BMP and Hedgehog, as a way to coax these cells to become ever - more - specialized precursor cells.

However, one mass feature present at significant levels in bsl1 - 1 inflorescences, but not in the other samples, matched the exact mass of a pregnane ring - containing molecule, which is predicted as a cleavage product of 3 - β - ketone derivatives of BR and sterol precursors 5 - dehydroepisterol, 5 - dehydroavenasterol, 7 - dehydrodesmosterol, and 7 - dehydrocholesterol (Supplemental Figure 6).

Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a small peptide molecule generated from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP).

Complicating matters, PGE2 is just one of five different prostaglandins originating from the precursor molecule produced by COX - 1 and COX - 2.

After the preparation of the key aryne precursor by CIQUS, IBM scientists used the sharp tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to generate individual aryne molecules from precursor molecules by atomic manipulation.

Another novel biomarker is proneurotensin, the precursor molecule of neurotensin, which is peripherally released from the endocrine - like N - cells of the small intestine after fat intake (49).

This project enabled the extension of their initial work on silicon oxidation to the interaction of more complex molecules such as organometallic precursors.

The second group, analogs of previously reported palladium triphosphine complexes, removes an oxygen molecule to create carbon monoxide, a precursor to another series of reactions that lead to fuel.

The Orbitrap Mass Analyzer combined with advanced quadrupole, S - lens, and a high - performance HCD collision cell for MS / MS plus features such as up to 18 hz scan rate, data - independent analysis (DIA), selected - ion monitoring (SIM), and spectral multiplexing up to ten precursors / scan make this system a state - of - the - art instrument for chemical and biochemical molecules analysis with up to 280,000 resolution, < 1 ppm mass accuracy, and femtogram sensitivity.

As a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Cori Bargmann's lab at the Rockefeller University, she showed that the nematode C. elegans produces a neuropeptide that is an evolutionary precursor of the mammalian peptides vasopressin and oxytocin, and mapped a neural circuit by which this molecule, nematocin, modulates mating behavior.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting