Results from Table 2 assessing the impact
of predictor variables on literacy outcomes show that SES and ECE attendance strongly predicated letter naming, p < 0.05; age, SES and ECE predicted fine motor skills, p < 0.01; None of the predictor variables significantly predicted receptive language while ECE and age
Not exact matches
A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality, and in particular to draw a conclusion
on the effect
of changes in the values
of predictors or independent
variables on response or dependent
variables.
In place
of reporting probit coefficients, we report the marginal effect
of the
variable on the award probability, which is the change in the award probability due to each
predictor separately, with other
variables evaluated at their mean values.
Instead, we used the ratings assigned to teachers
on a joint (effective teaching and culturally responsive pedagogy) teacher accomplishment scale to classify teachers into three levels
of accomplishment (most, moderately, and least); these levels were used as
predictor variables to explain variations in the instructional practices used by teachers (Table 15).
The region
of ice concentration > 60 %
on August 5 from MyOcean (TOPAZ4 model) was used as a
predictor variable, and a linear regression was performed
of September NSIDC extent vs. > 60 % concentration area
on August 5.
These are all cell mean values
on a grid with 37 latitudes and 72 longitudes, giving nine
predictor fields each with 2664 values for three aspects (climatology, seasonal cycle and monthly variability) for each
of three
variables (OLR, OSR and N).
The five groups
of variables on the left have been shown by Rogers and others researchers to be valid and reliable
predictors of the rate
of adoption
of an innovation.
This study focuses
on one risk factor (daily hassles) and one resistance factor (social support) as
predictors of adjustment in children with PRDs, with demographics and disease severity as control
variables.
In Step 1, we conducted one - way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) to determine whether there were site differences
on the
predictor and criterion
variables.
Discrete - time survival analysis, with person - year the unit
of analysis and a logistic link function, was used to examine associations
of temporally primary (based
on retrospective age - at - onset reports) mental disorders and subsequent first onset
of suicidality.29 Time was modeled as a separate dummy
predictor variable for each year
of life up to age at interview or age at onset
of the outcome, whichever came first.
To put the effect sizes for the hypothesized associations
on wave 6 reckless driving into perspective, we re-ran the final model using logistic regressions (for the connections between the wave 6 indicators and the wave 6 latent
variables) to obtain odds ratios (OR) for the indirect effects
of wave 1
predictors on the individual wave 6 reckless driving items.
Baseline drinking status (ever vs never tried alcohol) did not predict attrition, but to account for attrition bias related to other
variables, estimation was carried out after multiple imputation using the standard missing at random assumption (ie, missing data are assumed missing at random conditional
on observed
predictors included in the model).27 The imputation model included all the
predictors in the alcohol models plus a number
of auxiliary
variables that were not
of direct theoretical interest but were nonetheless predictive
of missingness so as to improve the quality
of the imputations and make the missing at random assumption more plausible.28
The analyses also included age, race / ethnicity (three binary
variables for Black, Hispanic and other ethnicity, coded with Whites as the reference group), gender, household income and parental education, media - viewing habits — hours watching television
on a school day and how often the participant viewed movies together with his / her parents — and receptivity to alcohol marketing (based
on whether or not the adolescent owned alcohol - branded merchandise at waves 2 — 4).31 Family
predictors included perceived inhome availability
of alcohol, subject - reported parental alcohol use (assessed at the 16 M survey and assumed to be invariant) and perceptions
of authoritative parenting (α = 0.80).32 Other covariates included school performance, extracurricular participation, number
of friends who used alcohol, weekly spending money, sensation seeking (4 - wave Cronbach's α range = 0.57 — 0.62) 33 and rebelliousness (0.71 — 0.76).34 All survey items are listed in table S1.
Additional Level 2
predictors (sex, race, age, length
of time
on ESRD treatment, length
of time married, number
of own health conditions; last four
variables all grand mean centered) were assessed.
Men's dyadic adjustment, which was a significant
predictor of men's personal commitment in the regression
of men's
variables on men's personal commitment, was no longer a significant
predictor.
The relations between independent
predictor variables (measures
of immunological and psychological function at entry to the trial, age
of onset, and duration
of illness) and dependent dichotomous outcome
variables (self rated global outcome; presence or absence
of caseness
on the general health questionnaire at follow up; reduced or normal delayed responses to hypersensitivity skin test) were examined in separate logistic regression analyses.
Generally, higher levels
of problems
on the
predictor variables were usually associated with greater improvement in treatment.
Across all
of the significant
predictors, however, families and children displaying fewer problems
on the
predictor variables at pretreatment had fewer problems at posttreatment and follow - up.
We also report whether there were significant indirect effects
on 18 - month outcomes
of any demographic baseline
predictors mediated through the baseline latent
variables.
On one hand, Okagaki and Frensch (1998) found that when SES and other parental involvement
variables were controlled, a measure
of parental expectations was a significant
predictor of fourth and fifth graders» grades for European American and Asian American students.
Finally, for ease
of interpretation, we opted for the ADOS Module classification as a measure
of functional language in a sample where the majority
of children had basal scores
on formal language tests; this precluded a more fine - grained analysis
of language impairment as a
predictor variable.
The second example
of post-hoc probing involves a two - way interaction
of two continuous
variables and is based
on an analysis
of observational data (as
predictors) and teacher - report grades (as an outcome).
Due to the non-significant associations between child internalizing problems and the parent co-regulation
variables, the following hierarchical regression analysis focused
on predictors of child externalizing problems.
Parent report is often used instead
of children's self - report, but relying
on one informant (e.g., parent report) for outcome and
predictor variables can lead to overestimates
of associations because
of common method variance (Lindell and Whitney 2001; Richardson et al. 2009).