Our understanding
of psychosocial risk factors has been changing in recent years.
Eight studies that examined the identification
of psychosocial risk factors for poor parenting, quality of the home environment for supporting child development, and office assessment of the parent - child relationship were reviewed (Table 1).
Several of the most commonly identified risk factors in previous research were identified in this study, including being male, membership in a single - parent or stepfamily, 5 high levels of parent - reported childhood activity, 23,24 maternal mental health problems, 25 and a history of teenage parenthood.26 What is relatively novel about this report is the consideration of the joint effects
of psychosocial risk factors, while controlling for multiple indicators of social class and the assessment of both accidents and illnesses in a large community sample followed prospectively since pregnancy.
The dominant role
of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability.
The great impact
of psychosocial risk factors on top of biological ones are visualized by the marked regional differences and trajectories of prevalence rates of T2DM in adult men and women (Figure 2A).
Not exact matches
To date, results from several longitudinal studies indicate that e-cigarette use among nonsmoking youth increases the likelihood
of future use
of conventional cigarettes.5 — 10 Specifically, the pooled odds ratio (OR) in a recent meta - analysis
of studies
of adolescents and young adults (aged 14 — 30) indicates that those who had ever used e-cigarettes were 3.62 times more likely to report using cigarettes at follow - up compared with those who had not used e - cigarettes.11 This finding was robust and remained significant when adjusting for known
risk factors associated with cigarette smoking, including demographic,
psychosocial, and behavioral variables such as cigarette susceptibility.
Routine
psychosocial assessment
of women in the antenatal period: frequency
of risk factors and implications for clinical services
Studies to date have examined familial clustering
of risk behaviors linked with accelerated weight gain in children,
psychosocial consequences
of obesity in children, parenting strategies that promote active lifestyles in children, and developmental and contextual
factors that explain declines in adolescent girls» physical activity.
Inclusion criteria: ≤ 25 years, low educational level (primary school or prevocational secondary school), maximum 28 weeks
of gestation, no previous live birth, understood Dutch, and at least 1
of the following additional
risk factors: no social support, previously or currently experiencing domestic violence,
psychosocial symptoms, unwanted and / or unplanned pregnancy, financial problems, housing difficulties, no education and / or employment and alcohol and / or drug use
«The pattern we observed in Ontario suggests that
psychosocial factors associated with the migratory experience and integration into Canada may contribute to the
risk of psychotic disorders.»
Childhood bullying may lead to long - lasting health consequences, impacting
psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular health well into adulthood, according to a study published in Psychological Science, a journal
of the Association for Psychological Science.
Previous research has linked
psychosocial risk factors like stress, anger, and hostility to increased
risk of health problems such as heart attacks, stroke, and high blood pressure.
An analysis
of all published articles on internet gaming disorder (IGD) notes that the condition has a complex
psychosocial background, and many personal, neurobiological, familial, and environmental
factors may put certain individuals at increased
risk.
Other possible
risk factors include a quickening
of growth, adverse
psychosocial factors, increase in age, a previous back injury and family history
of low back pain.
Psychosocial stress in adulthood is associated with a higher
risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly mediated by behavioral and physiological
factors.
In this context, it has to be emphasized that
psychosocial risk factors and stress consist
of economic, environmental, and behavioral components.
Dr. Suzanne» s diverse background includes research experience combining Ayurveda and conventional medicine, an exploration
of the relationship between
psychosocial risk factors in pregnant urban teens and participation on a MacArthur Foundation funded team at University
of California at San Francisco.
Some
of the areas being looked into have to do with genetics,
psychosocial risk factors, central nervous system dysfunction and the role
of gut bacteria.
Using the Coronary Artery
Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we systematically and prospectively investigated the relationships of the 3 main components of the type A behavior pattern — hostile attitudes (hostility), time urgency / impatience (TUI), and achievement striving / competitiveness (ASC)-- and 2 other major psychosocial factors, depression and anxiety, with long - term risk of developing hypertens
Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we systematically and prospectively investigated the relationships
of the 3 main components
of the type A behavior pattern — hostile attitudes (hostility), time urgency / impatience (TUI), and achievement striving / competitiveness (ASC)-- and 2 other major
psychosocial factors, depression and anxiety, with long - term
risk of developing hypertens
risk of developing hypertension.
The prospective relationship between
psychosocial factors and
risk of developing hypertension may be confounded or mediated by demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral
factors.47 In general, younger persons, blacks (except for TUI), women (except for ASC or hostility), and less educated individuals (except for TUI or ASC) reported higher levels
of measured
psychosocial attributes.
«However, if we put the study findings into context, what we found is comparable in size to the effect
of other
psychosocial risk factors such as anxiety and job strain.
HGSE Lecturer Michael Nakkula, who runs Project IF and is codirector
of the
Risk and Prevention program, specializes in studying how environmental and
psychosocial factors can influence the lives
of low - income youth.
Because
of their increased dropout rate, as well as societal stigma surrounding them and a number
of other
factors, teenage parents and their children are at
risk of experiencing worse
psychosocial and socioeconomic outcomes than their peers (Kiselica & Pfaller, 1993; Coren et al., 2003).
Furthermore, recent court rulings are holding employers accountable for the psychological health
of their employees and placing responsibility on businesses to adequately and effectively deal with
psychosocial risk factors that manifest in the workplace.
Mothers were eligible to participate if they did not require the use
of an interpreter, and reported one or more
of the following
risk factors for poor maternal or child outcomes in their responses to routine standardised
psychosocial and domestic violence screening conducted by midwives for every mother booking in to the local hospital for confinement: maternal age under 19 years; current probable distress (assessed as an Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS) 17 score
of 10 or more)(as a lower cut - off score was used than the antenatal validated cut - off score for depression, the term «distress» is used rather than «depression»; use
of this cut - off to indicate those distressed approximated the subgroups labelled in other trials as «psychologically vulnerable» or as having «low psychological resources» 14); lack
of emotional and practical support; late antenatal care (after 20 weeks gestation); major stressors in the past 12 months; current substance misuse; current or history
of mental health problem or disorder; history
of abuse in mother's own childhood; and history
of domestic violence.
The service station attendants work under conditions that could represent
psychosocial risk factors, such as the interaction with the customers and the increase
of the job demands, derived from the constant market competition between fuel companies.
Four a priori analyses were undertaken comparing outcomes for the hypothesised subgroups using 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA to assess main (intervention vs comparison group) effects and interaction (intervention by subgroup effects for mothers who were Australian - born vs overseas - born, first - time vs multiparous, had one vs multiple
risk factors, and scored EDS ≥ 10 (antenatal
psychosocial distress) vs EDS < 10), while maintaining the power
of the whole sample.
The model specifies three categories
of risk factors: (1) disease and disability parameters (e.g., severity
of handicap); (2) functional independence; and (3)
psychosocial stressors (e.g., daily hassles), as well as three categories
of resistance
factors: (1) intrapersonal (e.g., problem - solving ability); (2) social - ecological
factors (e.g., social support); and (3) stress processing (e.g., coping strategies).
In 2010, more than 1 in 5 children were reported to be living in poverty.6, 10 Economic disadvantage is among the most potent
risks for behavioral and emotional problems due to increased exposure to environmental, familial, and
psychosocial risks.11 — 13 In families in which parents are in military service, parental deployment and return has been determined to be a
risk factor for behavioral and emotional problems in children.14 Data from the 2003 National Survey
of Children's Health demonstrated a strong linear relationship between increasing number
of psychosocial risks and many poor health outcomes, including social - emotional health.15 The Adverse Childhood Experience Study surveyed 17000 adults about early traumatic and stressful experiences.
Interventions targeting modifiable
risk factors (eg, smoking, inactivity, and poor diet) in adult life have only limited efficacy in preventing age - related disease.3, 4 Because
of the increasing recognition that preventable
risk exposures in early life may contribute to pathophysiological processes leading to age - related disease, 5,6 the science
of aging has turned to a life - course perspective.7, 8 Capitalizing on this perspective, this study tested the contribution
of adverse
psychosocial experiences in childhood to 3 adult conditions that are known to predict age - related diseases: depression, inflammation, and the clustering
of metabolic
risk markers, hereinafter referred to as age - related - disease
risks.
As the Adverse Childhood Experience Study score increased, so did the number
of risk factors for the leading causes
of death.16, 17 Shonkoff uses the phrase «toxic stress» to describe high cumulative
psychosocial risk in the absence
of supportive caregiving18, 19; this type
of unremitting stress ultimately compromises children's ability to regulate their stress response system effectively and can lead to adverse long - term structural and functional changes in the brain and elsewhere in the body.
Membership in a single - parent family or stepfamily is associated with increased levels
of significant behavioral, emotional, and academic problems in children.1, 2 The mechanisms underlying this connection are likely to involve, among other
factors, financial adversity, increased stress directly related to family transitions, and increased exposure to additional
psychosocial risks.3, 4 Compared with the extensive research base connecting family type (ie, membership in a 2 - parent biological family, stepfamily, or single - parent family) and children's psychological adjustment, little is known about the physical health consequences
of membership in diverse family types.
Overall, the effects
of family type and, more specifically, the
psychosocial risks indexed by family type on children's health outcomes seem to be generalized rather than specific; however, there was variation in the effects
of family type and specific and more proximal
risk factors.
Association between
Psychosocial Risk Factors and Quality
of Work Life in Air Traffic Controllers at an Ecuador Airport
Data Synthesis Assessments
of parental concerns and
psychosocial risk factors using validated approaches seem to be more accurate in identifying developmental problems than clinicians» appraisals.
A range
of childhood
psychosocial risk factors have been associated with depression, including characteristics
of the child (eg, behavioral and socioemotional problems, poor school performance), characteristics
of the parents (eg, parent psychopathology, rejecting or intrusive behavior), and family circumstances (eg, the loss
of a parent, physical or sexual violence, family discord).12 - 15 However, it has not been shown decisively whether these
risks distinguish juvenile from adult - onset MDD.
Physicians underestimated substantially the prevalence
of intrafamilial violence, maternal
psychosocial distress, and associated behavior problems in children compared with use
of a questionnaire for this purpose.23 The use
of a clinic questionnaire identified significantly more mothers with potential
risk factors for poor parenting compared with review
of medical records.24 Shorter versions
of this questionnaire for evaluating parental depressive disorders, 25 substance abuse, 26 and parental history
of physical abuse as a child27 compared favorably to the original measures in terms
of accuracy.
We have previously reported the immediate effects
of this
psychosocial family - based intervention on independently observed aspects
of the caregiving environment and child social competence during unfamiliar peer entry, including approach and regulatory behaviors.30 Thus, we have demonstrated the efficacy
of the intervention in altering the targeted
risk factors.
Evidence is emerging that
psychosocial interventions can prevent depression15 - 17 in adolescents, and prevention interventions targeted at high -
risk groups have recently had favorable results.16, 17 Our group has described a successful group cognitive behavioral intervention to prevent depression episodes in at -
risk adolescents.18 Teens in the study had 2 significant
risk factors: (1) they were offspring
of depressed parents and (2) they had significant subsyndromal symptoms and / or a past episode
of depression.
Assessments
of parental concerns and
psychosocial risk factors using validated approaches seem to be more accurate in identifying developmental problems than clinicians» appraisals.
Psychosocial risk and protective
factors for the health and well - being
of professionals working in emergency and non-emergency medical transport services, identified via questionnaires.
In summary, the literature on the effectiveness
of psychosocial assessment in office settings indicates that the accuracy
of identifying
psychosocial risk factors can be improved by using questionnaires and that there is also some evidence supporting the validity
of home environment and parent - child assessments.
Objective: The purpose
of this study is to address the high prevalence and costs
of musculoskeletal disorders in dental hygienists and dental hygiene students by assessing the combined role
of biomechanical and
psychosocial risk factors.
Their research suggested that there may be a greater genetic influence on the functioning
of the prefrontal cortex which may in turn promote or protect against
psychosocial risk factors for CD / ODD [53].
Sessions involved discussions
of information about 1) the adolescent's psychiatric disorder (s) and
psychosocial difficulties, 2) the adolescent's treatment plan and rationale for recommended treatments, 3)
risk factors for suicidal behavior and warning signs
of possible imminent
risk, 4) the availability
of emergency services, and 5) strategies for communicating with adolescents.
Among the various biological and
psychosocial risk factors, maternal mental health problems, maternal educational status, and a small number
of close social relationships correlated significantly with child outcome variables.
3 THE EXTENT AND CHARACTER
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1 Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
OF HEALTH INEQUALITIES IN THE EARLY YEARS 3.1 Key findings about health inequalities in the first four years 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Pregnancy, birth and the first three months 3.3.1
Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
Risk factors and health outcomes in the early years 3.3.2 Inequalities in the early stages 3.4 Health measures in the first four years
of life 3.5 Overview of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of life 3.5 Overview
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3 Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outcom
of health outcomes 3.5.1 Physical health 3.5.2 Problems reported by parents 3.5.3
Psychosocial health 3.5.4 Body mass index 3.6 Inequalities in health outcomes 3.6.1 Area deprivation 3.6.2 Household income 3.6.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.6.4 Conclusion 3.7 Exposure to
risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
risk factors likely to have an adverse impact on health 3.8 Inequalities in exposure to
risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure of negative outc
risk factors for poor health outcomes 3.8.1 Area deprivation 3.8.2 Houshold income 3.8.3 Socio - economic classification (NS - SEC) 3.8.4 Conclusion 3.9 Summary measure
of negative outcom
of negative outcomes
Resilience amongst Australian Aboriginal Youth: An Ecological Analysis
of Factors Associated with
Psychosocial Functioning in High and Low Family
Risk Contexts.
Research suggests there are significant gender differences in how men and women manifest and experience depression, help seeking behavior, coping mechanisms,
psychosocial risk factors, and rates
of completed suicide.
This e-book focuses on salivary cortisol in relation to the following topics:
psychosocial work environment (effort reward imbalance and job demand vs control model),
psychosocial resources (mastery, perceived control, sense
of coherence),
psychosocial risk factors (perceived stress, depression, vital exhaustion, burn - out), sleep quality, biological markers (bodily
factors, cardiovascular
risk factors, inflammation and metabolism) and somatic outcome.