- and finally that old stalwart
of radiant transfer the Stefan - Boltzmann constant, let's call this «s» (I think you can see where I am going with this)
Not exact matches
Monolithsoft's X — launch date (nothing like «winter 2014», I want a precise launch date), more info on gameplay and story, internet connectivity for multiplay and solo campaign, customization settings, list
of characters, a new bundle and possibility to call your Save Data from Xenoblade to get access to extra content or change a few things (like the Data
Transfer for Fire Emblem Path
of Radiance to
Radiant Dawn);
Lifting one canvas onto another, the artist
transfers paint across two surfaces, creating a labyrinth
of scrapes and drips that intersect with
radiant expanses
of color.
PS when molecular collisions are frequent relative to photon emissions and absorptions (as is generally the case in most
of the mass
of the atmosphere), the
radiant heat absorbed by any population
of molecules is
transfered to the heat
of the whole population within some volume, and molecules that emit photons can then gain energy from other molecules.
Radiation
transfers heat across different scales at different optical thicknesses for different frequencies; the net
radiant flux depends more on temperature variations that occur over distances on the order
of a unit
of optical thickness, so the net flux can be through smaller - scale temperature variations.
It is the density, not the composition which gives more or less opportunities for such instances
of energy
transfer between molecules whilst the incoming and outgoing
radiant energy is negotiating the atmosphere.
At the top
of the atmosphere it seems to hold, since that is
radiant transfer, but as you descend in to the thermodynamic onion it gets difficult to justify.
If the average
radiant layer were 288K @ 390Wm - 2 and you didn't have to consider other non-
radiant means
of energy
transfer, that would be a fair estimate.
However, if extra CO2 reduces the cooling rate
of the Earth surface, and the rate
of radiant energy
transfer from Sun to Earth surface is little changed, then the Earth surface will warm (other things being equal) from what it was before the increase in CO2.
Leaving no more than 40 % as
Radiant Energy
transfer, with 24 %
of that 40 % as direct loss to Atmospheric Window.
Radiant energy accounts for all
of the outbound energy at the top
of atmosphere, but only a fraction
of the energy
transfer at the surface.
The main issue is an understanding
of the physical processes regarding density and the energy
transfer along with the conversion
of radiant energy to mechanical energy and the currents
of the oceans.
The fundamental equation
of radiative
transfer at the emitting surface
of an astronomical body, relating changes in
radiant - energy flux to changes in temperature, is the Stefan - Boltzmann equation --
whereF is
radiant - energy flux at the emitting surface; εis emissivity, set at 1 for a blackbody that absorbs and emits all irradiance reaching its emitting surface (by Kirchhoff's law
of radiative
transfer, absorption and emission are equal and simultaneous), 0 for a whitebody that reflects all irradiance, and (0, 1) for a graybody that partly absorbs / emits and partly reflects; and σ ≈ 5.67 x 10 — 8 is the Stefan - Boltzmann constant.
In the atmosphere, you do not have a closed system, so such thermal equilibrium can hardly be present, given that all manner
of things, are driving
radiant energy into any volume
of atmosphere, as well as conductive, and mass transport (convective) energy
transfers are taking place.
Again the purpose for this thread was to look at how the
radiant transfers work, not what is the best estimate
of those two values.
The idea
of heat coming back from the colder object is almost always used with
radiant transfer as backradiation.
Homes without «smart» technology can also benefit from this coverage: complex systems including geothermal or
radiant heating can be specifically insured,
transferring the financial risk
of a system failure to your insurer and protecting your household's cash flow in the event
of a breakdown.