Biological Function
of Ribosomal Protein L10 on Cell Behavior in Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Jimin Shi, Lingyun Zhang, Daibing Zhou, Jinguo Zhang, Qunbo Lin, Wencai Guan, Jihong Zhang, Weimin Ren, Guoxiong Xu J. Cancer 2018; 9 (4): 745 - 756.
Not exact matches
There is no such «direct» evolution: animals, bacteria, and algae have a common ancestor from which they have diverged, as can be shown by aligning and comparing amino acid sequences
of proteins and nucleotide sequences
of homologous
ribosomal RNA molecules that are found in both bacteria and vertebrates.
Genes encoding
ribosomal proteins, DNA replication and repair machinery, oxidative stress, and purine biosynthesis were differentially expressed in Wolbachia during the development
of B. malayi female worms, suggesting a role
of the bacteria in worm reproduction.
Ribosomes, the cellular factories that manufacture
proteins, contain both RNA and
protein, but exactly how all
of the different
ribosomal components contribute to
protein synthesis is still not clear.
Splicing
of the Tetrahymena
ribosomal RNA precursor is mediated by the folded structure
of the RNA molecule and therefore occurs in the absence
of any
protein in vitro.
Now, as Thomas Cech explains in his Perspective, atomic resolution
of the structure
of the large
ribosomal subunit reveals that, as predicted by those convinced
of a prebiotic RNA world, RNA is the catalytic component with
proteins being the structural units that support and stabilize it (Ban et al., Nissen et al., Muth et al.).
Domain II
of EF - P interacts with the
ribosomal protein L1, which results in the largest movement
of the L1 stalk that has been observed in the absence
of ratcheting
of the
ribosomal subunits.
This set includes various ribosome builders, as well as other
proteins that process and transcribe
ribosomal RNA, a necessary step before the ribosomes can be assembled and pushed out
of the nucleolus.
Both substrate analogs are contacted exclusively by conserved
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residues from domain V
of 23S rRNA; there are no
protein side - chain atoms closer than about 18 angstroms to the peptide bond being synthesized.
tiRNA is a type
of small RNA that suppresses global
protein synthesis, while rRNA or
ribosomal RNA is a type
of RNA molecule that enhances
protein synthesis.
Of the 80
ribosomal proteins examined, 31 changed
protein levels in at least one cell type, Barna said.
The team then examined the
ribosomal proteins found in each type
of cell.
«We have ample evidence that hundreds
of the oldest
ribosomal proteins still start with a valine or a leucine code and do not have the codon for methionine in the DNA,» Duax said, referring to
proteins found in basic cell components called ribosomes.
Moreover, a funnel - shaped pore in the Sec61 oligomer aligned with the exit
of a tunnel traversing the large
ribosomal subunit, strongly suggesting that both structures function together in the translocation
of proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
However, these findings are incompatible with the results
of efforts to locate individual
ribosomal proteins by immune electron microscopy and triangulation with interprotein distance measurements.
The cells somehow managed to be highly proliferative, made more
ribosomal RNA, and synthesized more
protein, all with fewer copies
of ribosomal DNA.
In Escherichia coli, the small
ribosomal subunit has a sedimentation coefficient
of 30S, and consists
of a 16S RNA molecule
of 1541 nucleotides complexed with 21
proteins.
While E. coli bacteria are part
of the human gut flora and usually not pathogenic, the strains classed together as EHEC produce a dangerous Shiga toxin that enters the cells in the gut and inhibits
protein synthesis by cleaving
ribosomal RNA.
Attempts to decode and translate such «nonstop - mRNAs» leads to a complete stalling
of the
ribosomal machinery, resulting in effectively blocking continued
protein synthesis.
Tissue - specific mRNAs are isolated following ribosome affinity purification
of tissue - specific tagged
ribosomal proteins followed by polysomal profiling.
The branch uniting the fungi and animals is well - supported based on a number
of molecular phylogenetic datasets, including the nuclear small subunit
ribosomal RNA gene (Wainwright et al., 1993; Bruns et al. 1993), unique and shared sequence insertions in
proteins such as elongation factor 1α (Baldauf and Palmer, 1993), entire mitochondrial genomes (Lang et al., 2002), and concatenated
protein - coding genes (Steenkamp et al., 2006).
Ribosomal biogenesis and the translation
of proteins included within their processing, folding and degradation have shown to be activated during the night and controlled by the circadian clock in past studies (Jouffe et al., 2013; Panda et al., 2002).
Therefore, Teitell's group opted to further modify their constructs with a 3 ′ - UTR mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) from human mitochondrial
ribosomal protein S12 — the same essential approach used to optimize the import
of allotopically - expressed
proteins by Dr. Marisol Corral - Debrinski, (3,4) and subsequently advanced for multiple additional ETS subunit
proteins by Dr. Matthew O'Connor's group at the SENS Foundation Research Center (RC).
More than half
of children with DBA have mutations in a
ribosomal protein gene, and mutations at least 11 such genes have been linked to DBA.
This reporter employs a tandem array
of internal
ribosomal entry sites to drive translation
of an enhanced Yellow Fluorescent
Protein (Venus) from the transcript that normally encodes for the early endodermal marker Hex.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated
protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor
protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent
protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body
protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting
protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding
protein - 1; Epac, exchange
protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting
protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating
protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar
protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor
of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13
protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target
of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour
of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K,
ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related
protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA,
protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding
protein; raptor, regulatory - associated
protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion
of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer
of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor
of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment
protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target
of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane
protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar
protein sorting
Regulation
of HDM2 activity by the
ribosomal protein L11.
For this, we co-expressed PLE and the fluorescent
protein mCherry in DA neurons using a Cre - dependent recombinant adeno - associated viral vector, rAAV2 / 1 - Synapsin:: FLEX - rev - PLE - 2a - mCherry (2a:
ribosomal skip sequence [Donnelly et al., 2001]-RRB- that was targeted unilaterally into the VTA
of Slc6a3Cre mice, a mouse line that selectively expresses Cre - recombinase in DA neurons (Zhuang et al., 2005).
In E. coli, the four
ribosomal proteins of the alpha operon are translationally repressed by
ribosomal protein S4, one
of the
proteins encoded in the operon.
In eukaryotes, they consist
of a small 40S and large 60S subunit, which carry the decoding and peptidyl transferase activity, respectively, and together comprise four
ribosomal (r) RNAs (18S, 5.8 S, 25S and 5S rRNA) and 78
ribosomal proteins in yeast.
High levels
of gene expression were found in both strains for genes involved in growth, energy and respiration (e.g.,
ribosomal proteins, ATP synthase, pseudoazurin), and the C - 1 metabolic carbon such as methanol dehydrogenase, ribulose monophosphate enzymes (D - arabino -3-hexulose 6 - phosphate formaldehyde - lyase, 6 - phospho -3-hexuloisomerase), formaldehyde activating enzymes (Data S6, Fig.
IGF - I is perhaps the most important mediator
of muscle growth and repair (49), possibly through the use
of protein kinase B — mechanistic target
of rapamycin — p70
ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling.
mTORC1 is the central component
of the insulin - signaling cascade [insulin / insulin - like growth factor (IGF)-- phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase (PI3K) pathway)(Fig. 1) that regulates
protein synthesis and mRNA translation through 2 primary mechanisms: 1) inactivation
of the repressor
of mRNA translation, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E - binding
protein 1 (eIF4E - BP1), and 2) the activation
of 70 - kDa
ribosomal protein S6 kinase.