With so many robotic fish projects in the works, it seems like we'll have quite a bit of biotech - diversity among «species»
of robotic fish out in the ocean, all collecting climate change data.
While using shoals
of robotic fish for pollution detection in harbours might appear like something straight out of science fiction, there are very practical reasons for choosing this form.
In this study, we have proposed an implementation
of a robotic fish to investigate the interplay between visual and flow cues in the phenomenon of schooling in carangiform social fish.
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr. A. L. Facci for the technical support on PIV measurements, Mr. M. Drago for the technical support on the design
of the robotic fish prototype, Ms. L. Yang and Mr. K. Khan for their valuable help in performing the experiments, and Dr. S. Macri for the useful discussion and the assistance with the behavioral classification using the software Observer.
The comparison between model results and robotic fish undulations was subsequently performed to validate the ability
of the robotic fish to reproduce carangiform swimming.
Specifically, the tail - beat frequency
of the robotic fish was varied from 0 Hz to 2 Hz, 3 Hz, and 4 Hz.
In other words, the time spent by fish in the vicinity of the two prototypes was compared to detect the role
of the robotic fish color pattern on fish spatial preference.
In the Top view, the focal region was further divided in two equal sub-regions: i) frontal compartment (referred to as «front») comprising the half of the focal region in front
of the robotic fish and ii) four equal compartments of one body length each (referred to as «B1», «B2», «B3», and «B4», respectively) behind the robot, see Figure 4.
Supporting material on the visual aspect
of the robotic fish, the measurement of golden shiners» tail - beat frequency, the motion tracking
of the robotic fish, the particle image velocimetry analyses.
Specifically, the center of mass
of the robotic fish was placed in the middle of the water column, that is, seven cm from both the water surface and the bottom of the water tunnel, and it was positioned 50 cm from both left and right honeycombs.
Our results show that fish positional preference is affected by the color
of the robotic fish, whereby a prototype with a bioinspired color pattern (Gray robot) is more attractive than a red replica (Red robot).
Following standard practice [20], [62], [63], particle image velocimetry (PIV) was implemented in the hydrodynamics experiment of this study to perform instantaneous flow measurements in the wake
of the robotic fish, see Figure 3.
To assess the degree of biomimicry in the robotic fish design, the undulations
of the robotic fish were compared with classical models of carangiform swimming [60].
In this work, we employ two prototypes
of robotic fish, whose engineering design was bioinspired to mimic the aspect ratio, body shape, size, and species - specific locomotion pattern observed in live golden shiner.
The center of mass
of the robotic fish corresponded to the link from which the input from the external servomotor was transmitted to the robot through the rotation of the Plexiglas rod.
Specifically, the following predictions are expected to be met: i) fish attraction toward the robotic fish should vary as the visual cues offered by the robotic fish are varied, in agreement with similar observations for zebrafish in [35]--[37]; ii) fish attraction should vary as a function
of the robotic fish tail - beat frequency, as suggested in [60] and observed in [20]; and iii) the highest attraction should be reached when both visual and flow cues from the live fish are simultaneously integrated in the robotic fish prototype.
The laser was aimed to the side
of the robotic fish so that its perspective was orthogonal to the camera axis underneath the water tunnel.
Specifically, in this series of works it is demonstrated that the behavioral response of zebrafish individuals and small shoals varies as the aspect ratio, color pattern, and tail - beat frequency
of a robotic fish is changed.
In these conditions, fish tend to swim at the same depth
of the robotic fish, where the wake from the robotic fish is stronger and hydrodynamic return is most likely to be effective.
Specifically, undulations
of the robotic fish and six additional golden shiner were analyzed using ProAnalyst (Xcitex Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA) motion tracking system.
Specifically, we change the speed
of the robotic fish by varying the tail - beat frequency
of the robotic fish, while keeping the tail beat amplitude constant.
Future work will be driven in several directions, including the dependence of zebrafish shoal size on its response [56] to the robotic fish, and conversely, the dependence of the size and configuration of a shoal
of robotic fish on zebrafish response.
We expect the following predictions to be met: (i) a free - swimming robot whose design and movement are inspired by a zebrafish will not elicit fear response in zebrafish; (ii) the subjects will change their social interaction in the presence
of the robotic fish; and (iii) the speed
of the robotic fish will differentially modulate fish collective behavior.
Because the robo - fish that he and Youcef - Toumi have created is made from a single piece of polymer, it is easier to make watertight than previous generations
of robotic fish.
But the new version — called SoFi, for Soft Robotic Fish — is a step up from previous generations
of robotic fish because it can be maneuvered up and down to depths of up to 18 meters.
Not exact matches
Liane Thompson CEO — Aquaai https://www.aquaai.com/ Aquaai creates autonomous bio-inspired marine platforms (
robotic fish) for a myriad
of use cases.
Most
robotic fish are like
fish out
of water: They're surprisingly poor swimmers, and they often scare away any other creatures they come in contact with.
«We expected maybe one or two
fish, but to see such a big group was amazing,» says Monty Priede, director
of the University
of Aberdeen's Oceanlab, which specializes in
robotic exploration
of the deep sea.
The Persian carpet flatworm, the cuttlefish and the black ghost knifefish look nothing like each other — their last common ancestor lived 550 million years ago, before the Cambrian period — but a new study uses a combination
of computer simulations, a
robotic fish and video footage
of real
fish to show that all three aquatic creatures have evolved to swim with elongated fins using the same mechanical motion that optimizes their speed, helping to ensure their survival.
A
robotic fish is going to use sensors to monitor the levels
of anibiotics in Michigan's Great Lakes region
Many
of these new tools look like
robotic fish, but the University
of Washington sent a
robotic surf board to ride the waves collecting data from Antarctica to South America.
As I leave the laboratory, I envision a day when prehensile android extensions
of our minds perform our surgeries, fight our wars, file our taxes, coddle our young, bury our dead, walk our
robotic pets and change their batteries,
fish the remote from underneath the sofa, fetch us a turkey potpie, and steal our hearts.
Valdivia y Alvarado and Youcef - Toumi benefited from a wealth
of data produced by previous
robotic fish research.
Other
robotic fish experiments have been conducted by the University
of Essex in England, the California Institute
of Technology and several others.
It's only a $ 100 toy — an aquarium
of swimming
robotic fish developed by the Eamex Corporation in Osaka, Japan.
Long discusses his use
of autonomous
robotic fish to study vertebrate biomechanics and evolution.
Although the use
of rigid metal and plastic parts tends to result in stiff, mechanical motion, a team at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology (M.I.T.) is experimenting with the use
of a single piece
of flexible silicon and urethane polymer to create
robotic fish that smoothly wriggle through the water much like their natural counterparts.
In collaboration with doctoral candidate Paul Phamduy and NYU - Poly research scholar Giovanni Polverino, Porfiri designed an experiment to examine the interplay
of visual cues and flow cues — changes in the water current as a result
of tail - beat frequency — in triggering a live golden shiner
fish to either approach or ignore a
robotic fish.
These studies are the latest in a significant body
of research by Porfiri and collaborators utilizing robots, specifically
robotic fish, to impact collective animal behavior.
«To our knowledge, this is the first
robotic fish that can swim untethered in three dimensions for extended periods
of time,» says Robert Katzschmann, one
of the team at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology behind SoFi.
Grant funding has allowed Long to hire Porter as a postdoc and Nick Livingston, a master's degree level engineer (and Ken's son) to run the day - to - day operations
of the
Fish Fellows program and the
robotics laboratory.
We would like to acknowledge assistance from Paul Phamduy, Vladislav Kopman, Fausto Del Sette, Pankaj Rajput, Fabrizio Ladu, and Violet Mwaffo in fabricating the
robotic fish and independent verification
of the trajectory data.
The results indicate that, obtained with a tail - beat frequency
of, is a critical speed for the
robotic fish, with increases above or below this threshold differentially affecting zebrafish collective response.
We utilize such
robotic fish to investigate the collective response
of groups
of zebrafish.
The color pattern, aspect ratio, and shape
of the caudal fin
of the mobile
robotic fish used in our experiments matched that
of a zebrafish.
In the context
of ethorobotics, we have recently proposed a series
of dichotomous preference tests to study zebrafish response to an anchored
robotic fish whose design is inspired by salient features
of attraction in zebrafish.
Specifically, in [12], it is shown that zebrafish responds differentially to variation in aspect ratio and color in the
robotic fish; in [13], it is demonstrated that zebrafish shoals prefer such a
robotic fish to an empty compartment; in [14], it is demonstrated that an interactive robot, whose tail - beat frequency responds to
fish position, is able to induce preference among single organisms; and in [17], it is shown that the
robotic fish is able to simultaneously attract shoals
of zebrafish while repelling shoals
of mosquitofish that would otherwise display aggressive behavior.
Therefore, we propose that visual cues associated with the motion
of the robot at are relevant factors in shaping the interaction between the live subjects and the
robotic fish.
Finally, in [16], the
robotic fish is utilized as a tool to analyze the effect
of ethanol administration on zebrafish behavior.
Citation: Butail S, Bartolini T, Porfiri M (2013) Collective Response
of Zebrafish Shoals to a Free - Swimming
Robotic Fish.