A number of studies have examined the impact
of school accountability policies, including No Child Left Behind (NCLB), on student achievement.
The effect
of school accountability policies on children's health.
For one, they have implications for the design and implementation
of school accountability policies.
Would the proponents
of school accountability policies such as standardized testing come out on top, or would the findings support the opinions of the critics?
As we'll see, the possible reasons our results differed so dramatically from one time period to the next hold important implications for the design
of school accountability policies.
Not exact matches
Additional
Accountability Requirements: The Statewide
School Wellness Policy (2005) adopted by the State Board of Education requires school districts to report annually to the state on the implementation of their local wellness policies at the district and individual school
School Wellness
Policy (2005) adopted by the State Board
of Education requires
school districts to report annually to the state on the implementation of their local wellness policies at the district and individual school
school districts to report annually to the state on the implementation
of their local wellness
policies at the district and individual
school school level.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: None Additional Content Requirements: None Guidance Materials: A collaborative between the Commissioner
of Education and the state
school boards association that created the Nutrition and Fitness
Policy Guidelines (2004), a model school fitness and nutrition policy consistent with the 16 V.S.A. 216 (
Policy Guidelines (2004), a model
school fitness and nutrition
policy consistent with the 16 V.S.A. 216 (
policy consistent with the 16 V.S.A. 216 (2004).
Additional
Accountability Requirements:
School Nutrition Policy, revised in 2005, requires «each school conduct evaluations [of the school health environment] using a nationally recognized, validated survey to identify strengths and weaknesses and prioritize changes as an action plan for improving student h
School Nutrition
Policy, revised in 2005, requires «each
school conduct evaluations [of the school health environment] using a nationally recognized, validated survey to identify strengths and weaknesses and prioritize changes as an action plan for improving student h
school conduct evaluations [
of the
school health environment] using a nationally recognized, validated survey to identify strengths and weaknesses and prioritize changes as an action plan for improving student h
school health environment] using a nationally recognized, validated survey to identify strengths and weaknesses and prioritize changes as an action plan for improving student health.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: The Tennessee State Board
of Education Physical Activity
Policy 4.206 (2005) requires each
school district's School Health Advisory Council to annually administer CDC's SHI: A Self - Assessment and Planning Guide and report a summary to the
school district's
School Health Advisory Council to annually administer CDC's SHI: A Self - Assessment and Planning Guide and report a summary to the
School Health Advisory Council to annually administer CDC's SHI: A Self - Assessment and Planning Guide and report a summary to the state.
Additional
accountability requirements: State Nutrition Consultants review local wellness
policies as part
of the
School Meal Initiative Review.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: Statute 16 -2-9 (a)(25)(2005), Statute 16-21-28 (2005) and Statute 16 -7.1-2 (h)(2005) require the
school committee
of each district to establish a district - wide coordinated
school health and wellness subcommittee, chaired by a member
of the full
school committee, to implement
policies and plans to meet Section 204 requirements.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: None Additional Content Requirements: None Guidance Materials: The state Department
of Education produced the Local
School Wellness Policy Guide for Development (2005), which advocates a three - step approach to developing local school wellness policies that involve School Health Cou
School Wellness
Policy Guide for Development (2005), which advocates a three - step approach to developing local
school wellness policies that involve School Health Cou
school wellness
policies that involve
School Health Cou
School Health Councils.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: The state requires LEAs to annually complete the online Wellness
Policy Builder assessment tool to document their consideration
of the state's
School Wellness
Policy Guidelines (2010) as required by Senate Bill 154.
Additional
Accountability requirements: None Additional Content Requirements: None Guidance Materials: The Department
of Education produced a comprehensive Action Guide for
School Nutrition and Physical Activity
Policies (2009).
Additional
accountability requirements: N.J.S.A. 18A: 33 - 15 to 18 (2007) requires new
school districts participating in any of the federally funded Child Nutrition Programs to submit their local policies to the state Department of Agriculture for a compliance check with the state's NJ School Nutrition / Wellness Policy (2005), which contains policy content requirements that go beyond Sectio
school districts participating in any
of the federally funded Child Nutrition Programs to submit their local
policies to the state Department
of Agriculture for a compliance check with the state's NJ
School Nutrition / Wellness Policy (2005), which contains policy content requirements that go beyond Sectio
School Nutrition / Wellness
Policy (2005), which contains policy content requirements that go beyond Sectio
Policy (2005), which contains
policy content requirements that go beyond Sectio
policy content requirements that go beyond Section 204.
Additional
Accountability Requirements: Statute Title 70, Section 24 - 100b (2005) requires each
school district to report to the state Department
of Education on the district's wellness
policy, goals, guidelines, and progress in implementing the
policy and attaining the goals.
A joint project
of Corporate
Accountability International and Dr. Nicholas Freudenberg and Monica Gagnon
of The City University
of New York, the guide focuses on four local
policy approaches:
school policy, «healthy» zoning, curbing kid - focused marketing, and redirecting subsidies to healthier businesses.
The Chairman
of the Public Interest
Accountability Committee (PIAC), Joseph Winful, has expressed doubts about the capacity
of the Heritage Fund in its present stage, to meet the needs
of the Free Senior High
School policy.
The report also addresses a second, widely used
accountability policy: high -
school exit exams that hold students responsible for meeting a set
of content standards.
In 2013, Deming was named a William T. Grant Scholar for his project, The Long - Run Influence
of School Accountability: Impacts, Mechanisms and Policy Implications, which explores the impact of test - based school accountability on post-secondary attainment and earnings, how high - stakes accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based accountability in high school can complement college prepar
School Accountability: Impacts, Mechanisms and Policy Implications, which explores the impact of test - based school accountability on post-secondary attainment and earnings, how high - stakes accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based accountability in high school can complement colleg
Accountability: Impacts, Mechanisms and
Policy Implications, which explores the impact
of test - based
school accountability on post-secondary attainment and earnings, how high - stakes accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based accountability in high school can complement college prepar
school accountability on post-secondary attainment and earnings, how high - stakes accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based accountability in high school can complement colleg
accountability on post-secondary attainment and earnings, how high - stakes
accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based accountability in high school can complement colleg
accountability impacts outcomes, and how test - based
accountability in high school can complement colleg
accountability in high
school can complement college prepar
school can complement college preparation.
A handful
of states, such as Texas and North Carolina, began implementing «consequential»
school accountability policies in the early 1990s.
«
Accountability for student performance is one
of the two or three - if not the most - prominent issues in
policy at the state and local levels right now,» says Richard F. Elmore, a professor at Harvard University's Graduate
School of Education (Quality Counts, 1999)
Quality Counts 2006, like the nine previous editions
of the report, tracks key education information and grades states on their
policies related to student achievement, standards and
accountability, efforts to improve teacher quality,
school climate, and resources.
But «just right»
policies — strong
accountability, lots
of operational autonomy, fair funding, no micromanaging — tend to be embraced by charter
school realists in the center
of the political spectrum.
Education reformers who are reflexively critical
of DeVos are framing a narrow set
of policies — the ones they prefer — as the very definition
of «
school choice,» «justice,» «morality,» or «
accountability.»
The Republican candidates all stress
accountability and favor
school choice, though they prefer leaving the federal government out
of education
policy decisions.
Along those lines, it is interesting to note that our evidence
of differential effects by grade and subject is broadly similar to the results from evaluations
of earlier state - level
school -
accountability policies.
The intuition behind this approach is that NCLB represented less
of a «treatment» in states that had already adopted NCLB - like
school -
accountability policies prior to 2002.
To the extent that one believes that states that expected to gain the most from
accountability policies adopted them prior to NCLB, one might view the results we present as an underestimate
of the average effect
of school accountability.
Paul Peterson interviews Robert Shapiro, an expert on public opinion, about how the partisan divide in education
policy is shifting, as issues
of school quality and
accountability have produced «conflicted liberals,» at the same time that the presidential election is creating «conflicted conservatives.»
These annual volumes make assertions about empirical facts («students» scores on the state tests used for NCLB are rising»; or «lack
of capacity is a serious problem that could undermine the success
of NCLB») and provide
policy recommendations («some requirements
of NCLB are overly stringent, unworkable, or unrealistic»; «the need for funding will grow, not shrink, as more
schools are affected by the law's
accountability requirements»).
It also appeals to the yearning
of some GOP lawmakers and libertarian
policy wonks to get Uncle Sam completely out
of the
school -
accountability business (though they'll gag on Rothstein's demand for buckets more in federal dollars for those unaccountable
schools and sundry other services to kids).
We address this issue by comparing trends in student achievement across states that had varying degrees
of prior experience with state
school -
accountability policies similar to those brought about by NCLB.
Knowing this, Duncan designed Race to the Top, an ingenious program that gave states the chance to dip into a $ 4.35 billion pot
of federal money if they adopted certain
accountability and
school choice
policies.
Another study, by Eric Hanushek and Margaret Raymond, both also at Stanford, evaluated the impact
of school -
accountability policies on state - level NAEP math and reading achievement measured by the difference between the performance
of a state's 8th graders and that
of 4th graders in the same state four years earlier.
Additionally, our estimates will identify the impact
of NCLB - induced
school -
accountability provisions on states without prior
accountability policies.
This strategy relies on the assertion that pre-NCLB
school -
accountability policies were comparable to NCLB — that is, that the two types
of accountability regimes are similar in the most relevant respects.
On both sides
of the sea, standards, assessments,
accountability, and
school choice were surfacing as ideas, and becoming
policies and programs.
Modernizing state
accountability systems is not only good
policy for district or multi-district online
schools, but all
of public education would greatly benefit from the next generation
of school accountability frameworks.
No matter how much energy and money we spend working on systemic issues —
school choice, funding, assessments,
accountability, and the like — not one
of these
policies educates children.
Moreover, summative assessment sat at the core
of many
of the
policy reforms that the leaders described: additional
accountability levers such as teacher evaluation systems and statewide
school report cards draw on data coming out
of these summative tests to make determinations and comparisons regarding teacher and
school - level performance.
The two most important changes in American education
policy over the past several decades have been the expansion
of school choice and changes to
school accountability.
In his work on
accountability policy, HGSE Professor Richard Elmore has found this development
of internal
accountability to be a critical component
of improving
schools.
One
of the most significant changes in educational
policy of the past two decades is the movement toward test - based
accountability in the
schools.
Ed
schools presently benefit from a lack
of public
accountability, low political visibility, public
policy inertia, and iron triangle protectionism provided by self - interested coalitions
of executive branch credentialing managers, teacher union officials attempting to restrain labor market entry, and a few aligned legislators.
As he explains; «probably the most robust finding to date from research on
accountability policies is that the strongest initial predictors
of the impact
of policy on student performance are the attributes
of schools rather than the attributes
of the
policies themselves.»
DeVos has a long history
of supporting the kinds
of accountability and
school - choice
policies that a broad swath
of the education - reform community has championed over the last two decades.
In 2013, he was named a William T. Grant Scholar, a prestigious five - year award for early career researchers for his proposed project, The Long - Run Influence
of School Accountability: Impacts, Mechanisms and
Policy Implications.
Because course - choice
policies have the potential for an elegant
accountability mechanism tied to the financing
of outcomes, once students take courses back within the traditional district
schools, that
accountability mechanism would go away.
Accountability systems have worked well with other reforms — such as effective choice
policies, the expansion
of early - childhood - education and other
school - readiness programs, and efforts to improve the teaching force through evaluation and tenure reform — to improve education for children around the country.