Sentences with phrase «of small mutations»

It will be very unpleasant to live three hundred years and die because of brain failure, because we did not take into account the accumulation of small mutations.

But what if the scientists in SENS RF are wrong, and the accumulation of small mutations plays a role now?

In the chapter on RepleniSENS, we discussed in detail the preparation of pluripotent stem and adult cells by reprogramming and transdifferentiation, but ignored the accumulation of small mutations.

Not exact matches

For all in our spiritual lives that Eliot came to be blind to, she has few equals as a discerner — and a celebrator — of the small and large mutations of our moral lives.

It reduces to very small proportions, almost negligible, in fact, the importance of the element of chance mutation, on which R. A. Fisher on the one hand and Jacques Monod on the other have reared such super-structures of rather emotional philosophizing.

Each genetic mutation produces only a very small change in the biological features of the organism, but such small changes accumulate over immense periods of time and lead to the evolution of new species from old.

But in March, Lichun Tang of China's Beijing Proteome Research Center and colleagues reported using CRISPR / Cas9 to correct disease - causing mutations in a small number of viable human embryos.

Flies are ideal for genetic studies because they have short life spans and are small, which means that researchers can breed and interbreed thousands of them in the laboratory until interesting mutations crop up.

«But we were able to find an SOD1 mutation that stabilizes the trimer structure and another mutation that promotes the creation of the larger fibrils at the expense of smaller structures.

Their claim is that the appearance of new traits in a population, generally regarded as a first step toward the evolution of new species, can occur by means other than the accumulation of micromutations (i.e., small - scale or highly localized mutations), the classic mechanism by which new traits, and eventually new species, are thought to appear.

The impact for American women is probably smaller, experts say, because tests already catch 90 % of BRCA1 mutations in the U.S. population.

(Previously, scientists had used CRISPR / Cas9 to repair mutations that affect smaller numbers of people with Duchenne, and in cell types that weren't necessarily clinically relevant.)

Our job now is to figure out how to make immunotherapy effective against those tumors with small numbers of mutations.

If a bacterial population can become antibiotic - resistant even when only a small number of individuals have the appropriate genetic mutations, doctors who collect and analyze small bacterial specimens from patients may underestimate just how resistant the infection is as a whole, Collins notes.

PARP inhibitors have shown efficacy for a small group of patients with breast cancer with inherited mutations in BRCA genes, but have failed in the more aggressive triple - negative disease.

When you get to cancers like breast, prostate and kidney, which have smaller numbers of mutations, the drugs aren't quite as effective.

«Among families having several members with SMCHD1 mutations, we observed some who did not have complete arhinia but had an abnormally small nose or lacked a sense of smell, as well as the one individual that had symptoms of FSHD2 but no craniofacial abnormalities, indicating this is not a simple genetic model,» says Talkowski.

«Although this mutation only exists in a small percentage of cases, this discovery points to a potential therapeutic avenue for these patients.»

Following the study of several hundred patients, there remained a small number in whom only one mutation could be found in MMACHC.

The researchers began their study by looking at dogs of one breed, the Portuguese water dog, and found that those with one type of mutation of IGF1 were 15 to 20 percent smaller.

Lead author Dr Orly Razgour, of the University of Southampton, explained: «Long - lived, slow - reproducing species with smaller population sizes are not likely to be able to adapt to future climate change fast enough through the spread of new mutations arising in the population.

Bustamante imagines that the small mutation probably arose around the start of domestication.

«You had junky dogs living on the outside of settlements,» he says, «so a small mutation might be advantageous — you could get closer to a village without scaring everyone.»

Genetic diversity indicates the past abundance of a species because large populations tend to accumulate diversity through random DNA mutations and breeding, while small populations lose it through inbreeding.

And rare mutations that caused salmon to grow an extra fin or an enlarged heart sac, for example, began to turn up in a small fraction of the population, says Short.

Mice with mutations in what is called the nude gene don't fully develop the thymus, a small organ in the chest cavity that plays a key role in the maturation of infection - fighting T cells.

Exposure to small amounts of lead may contribute to ADHD symptoms in children who have a particular gene mutation, according to new research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

One theory widely accepted by cancer researchers is that tiny precancerous lesions accumulate throughout the body because of random mutations or exposure to small amounts of carcinogens.

And judging from the small number of mutations it had accumulated, it came from there only about a thousand years ago.

In an independent effort, they introduced progressively smaller pieces of DNA from the large region known to contain the gene into embryos of the mutant mice, looking for the smallest piece that would correct the mutation in adult mice and restore a normal rhythm.

But in genes, differences as small as a point mutation — the alteration of a single base pair — can lead to disease.

The most obvious way for a new gene to evolve is through the gradual accumulation of small, beneficial mutations.

Leppert and his colleagues found that several afflicted people in families with a high incidence of this condition had mutations in small sections of chromosome 20.

«So the actual differences are much likely a smaller portion — probably within the realm of several thousand mutations.

«Using next - generation gene sequencing on a small group of patients, we found that mutations in a sixth gene — ATF6 — can independently lead to the disease.»

The researchers considered two possible explanations: Disease suppression might be the result of one or two additional substitutions on the same gene that buffer the harmful effect of the mutation; or suppression may be caused by numerous small substitutions throughout the genome that form an aggregate «shield.»

The study focuses exclusively on the type of evolution known as purifying selection, which favors mutations that have no or only a small effect in a fixed environment.

Historically, mice have been the rodents of choice for autism research, partly because there are so many models representing a broad range of autism - relevant genetic mutations, and partly because they're small and relatively cheap.

People who carry one of those eight mutations had, on average, smaller brain regions than brains without a mutation but of comparable age; some of the genes are implicated in cancer and mental illness.

Examination of those people's exomes, the small portion of the genome that encodes proteins, revealed that among a subset of 821 participants, a total of 781 genes were rendered obsolete by «loss - of - function» mutations.

They found that in small primates such as spider monkeys, weighing about 6 kilograms, mutations — substitutions of DNA bases — occurred about twice as rapidly as in humans, who weigh on average 70 kilograms.

(Resistance usually develops when a small percentage of microbes escape an antibiotic because of a mutation and then those bacteria multiply.)

Recent years have seen extensive research on the genetics of prostate cancer, with over a hundred mutations identified, however most of these are only present in a small number of men.

He was part of a team that recognized that only about 10 % of patients with NSCLC responded to the small molecule erlotinib — those whose tumors harbored mutations in the gene encoding EGFR.

The approach developed by the MGH team focuses on small areas of the human genome — so - called polyguanine (poly - G) repeats that are particularly susceptible to mutation, with genetic «mistakes» occurring frequently during cell division.

For cancers in which only a small percentage of mutations are due to random DNA replication errors, by contrast, primary prevention efforts — those aimed at minimizing harmful environmental exposures — will continue to be the most effective way to reduce cancer deaths, the researchers said.

Sequencing the genomes of individuals or small families often produces false predictions of mutations that cause diseases.

The team also found that the flightless cormorants have an abnormally high number of genetic mutations affecting cilia — small, hair - like structures that protrude from cells and regulate everything from normal development to reproduction.

Only a small group of highly skilled virologists could make use of the mutations, he says, and the well - known passaging method is «not an «Aha» idea.»

But suddenly I saw how a mutation in the genes discussed in that article, BRCA1 and BRCA2, might have slipped unnoticed through my father's small family, heavy on the Y chromosome — through him; his older brother; my three cousins, two of whom are male.