There are a whole lot
of species concepts, says Richard Richards, a philosopher of biology at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.
As specialists argue over the fine details
of species concepts, I'm struck by how often the word «fuzzy» comes up.
In the cacophony
of species concepts, de Queiroz sees some commonality.
Extremely squeezed - down summaries of just a few of the dozens
of species concepts give a rough sense of the differing approaches researchers use to define a species.
Thinking about the seemingly intractable ambiguities
of the species concepts got a lot easier for me after my visit with de Queiroz.
Not exact matches
Some argue that even the most advanced human
concepts are built up from basic building blocks that are shared across
species, such as notions
of past and future; similarity and difference; and agent and object.
This
concept is based on the suggestion that those members
of a
species that are a little stronger, a little larger, or run a little faster will live longer to procreate offspring with these superior adaptations.
But presuming — as I do — the validity
of the
concept of geologic time, I note that the designation «Anthropocene» unavoidably suggests an exceptional quality to the
species homo sapiens, if only in terms
of our collective human powers.
To put it simply, the
concept of gods bares no merit at this current stage in the evolution
of the human
species and it would be a betterment to the
species to have the
concept removed from accepted delusional realities so prevalent in todays society.
Applying this
concept allows us to utilize mathematical
concepts to determine the number
of species that have lived on the earth over its history.
Genetic science proves that wrong and that while the first humans may have evolved from one subhuman
species, all subsequent humans, from every race, were descendant from those first humans — thus confirming the very biblical
concept of all humans having a common ancestor.
The changes are extremely gradual, they can not be observed over the short time span
of human civilization so far, and the term «
species» is a man - made
concept to make categorization
of life forms convenient... it is not an immutable feature
of the natural world as you seem to think it is.
Genetic science proves that wrong and that while the first humans may have evolved from one subhuman
species, all subsequent humans, from every race, were descendant from those first humans - thus confirming the very biblical
concept of all humans having a common ancestor.
Seeing that a state
of total socialization awaits the human
species, they ask, can we fail to recognize the eastern
concept of Karma in this monstrous form?
In the theory we are offering, since knowledge is by intuition and perception, not by abstraction
of only part
of the singular real, this ultimate universalism
of the nature as sort or
species, is said to be a singular real and also a
concept defined within a distinct limit
of formal variability, both as real, and also as
concept.
Ethics and morality are necessary for a
species to form a civilization, and we see rudimentary understanding
of these
concepts in other
species — just not as refined.
Perhaps Lifton and Markusen mean something similar by their rather daffy
concept of «
species self.»
Doc, I'm not sure what science you are referring that says some
species are * more evolved * than others, but based on the
concept that every
species that currently exists, including their ancestors, has undergone the same amount
of natural selection and other pressures over the past 3 + billion years, they have all evolved to the same extent, i.e. their current form.
The human
species currently consists
of some six billion individuals spread around the globe in millions
of groups large and small, all focused on their own affairs without much
concept of any ultimate goal, or the value
of their contribution.
What women today are figuring out and returning to is the
concept that being pregnant and having babies is a normal function for the female
species, and as long as there are no extenuating circumstances, it doesn't require the intervention
of men, machinery and medicine.
According to Jean Liedloff, the continuum
concept is the idea that in order to achieve optimal physical, mental and emotional development, human beings — especially babies — require the kind
of experience to which our
species adapted during the long process
of our evolution.
Resurrecting long - dead
species, bioengineering friendlier animals, and creating robot creatures made
of artificial tissue: These are some
of the
concepts proposed by prominent zoo directors, animal behaviorists, conservationists, and architects at a first - ever symposium about the future
of zoos, held in Buffalo, New York, this winter.
«These data are fully in accord with recent work on the actions
of reactive oxygen
species in cells, although clearly at odds with the popular
concept that dietary antioxidants are inevitably beneficial,» says Malcolm Jackson at the University
of Liverpool, UK, who was not involved in the research.
A more general problem, according to critics
of the biological
species concept, is that it does not really help scientists figure out where one
species ends and another begins.
The
concept of species is among the most familiar scientific ideas in our lives.
Influenced by his work with fossils, George Gaylord Simpson, one
of the great paleontologists
of the 20th century, proposed his «evolutionary
species»
concept in 1951.
Strict followers
of the biological
species concept might also have to classify some dog breeds as separate
species, Hey suggests, because a Chihuahua can not jump high enough to make puppies with a mastiff.
It has been 150 years since Charles Darwin proposed his theory
of evolution in On the Origin
of Species, yet in some ways the
concept of evolution seems more controversial than ever today.
But the neat
concept of adaptation to the environment driven by natural selection, as envisaged by Darwin in On the Origin
of Species and now a central feature
of the theory
of evolution, is too simplistic.
«It offers the first proof
of concept that it's possible to incorporate human cells efficiently into another
species,» Wu says.
So far Reed has established a proof
of concept in Drosophila fruit flies, a commonly used model
species in laboratories across the world.
in the May issue claims that biologists say the
concept of race is biologically meaningless, presumably because «any large human population has about 85 percent as much genetic variation as the
species as a whole.»
Before he suggested that
species could change over time in the early 19th century, no one took the
concept of evolution seriously.
This suggested not only that
species could change — already a divisive
concept back then — but also that the changes were driven purely by environmental factors, instead
of divine intervention.
2) This study provides additional support for the
concept of horizontal miRNA transfer across
species and kingdoms.
«Biodiversity» is a
concept that refers to the variety
of different life forms, from the genetic level to the
species level.
The blends
of sex and no - sex don't fit into a tidy biological
species concept.
The biological
species concept has drawbacks, to put it gently, for coping with much
of the variety and oddness
of life.
He adds that the
concept seeks to balance relationships both among different
species and among subpopulations
of a given
species such as age groups, gender groups or regional schools.
These collections anchor our
concepts of everything in biology and are our only repositories for some dying or possibly already - extinct
species.
«This
concept still supports avoiding bycatch
of vulnerable or protected
species,» Zhou says.
«The
species concept is difficult for microbes,» said O'Dwyer, an assistant professor
of plant biology and member
of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology at the University
of Illinois.
This article appears in the November 11, 2017 issue
of Science News with the headline, «The fuzzy art
of defining
species: A vital
concept sparks many arguments.»
Understanding which traits predispose background
species to protection under an umbrella strategy will be important to the overall success
of conservation based on the umbrella
species concept, Chalfoun says.
He should know, having cataloged 32
of them in his 2016 overview,
Species Concepts in Biology.
Using their
concept, all fish — regardless
of species, size or gender — would be fished in proportion to their abundance and replenishment rate, thereby better preserving the makeup
of the ecosystem.
The finding, reported online today in Current Biology, comes from CT scans
of several more - complete skulls
of the
species (artist's
concept, above) also unearthed on Kenya's Rusinga Island, a near - shore landmass in the northeastern corner
of Africa's Lake Victoria.
The Keystone
Species Concept The keystone species concept lies at the heart of the HSS
Species Concept The keystone
species concept lies at the heart of the HSS
species concept lies at the heart
of the HSS debate.
The keystone
concept has been applied to a variety
of species, from large carnivores to herbivores and even plants.
The results — from studies
of crows, butterflies, mosquitoes, fish and other organisms — suggest that the
concept of species is even more muddled than we thought, and that genetic changes don't always align with more visible ones, such as appearance.