Only insects carry Wolbachia, but all animals have a range
of symbiotic microbes.
This could also work in reverse — the loss
of some symbiotic microbes could increase the extinction risk of their hosts given their mutual interdependence, as has been suggested for some orchids and their mycorrhizal partners.
The discovery
of another symbiotic microbe in leaf - cutter ant fungal gardens is «very exciting,» says etymologist Ted Schultz of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. «When I first got into this stuff, we thought it was a... two - partner symbiosis.
Not exact matches
Far from being passive hangers - on,
symbiotic microbes may shape the evolution
of the plants and animals that play host to them
One theory is that the sponge's transparent framework collects the glow from luminescent,
symbiotic microbes and concentrates it into a network
of miniature spotlights that attract prey.
Its logo is two lab rats, and its introductory blurb reads, «The world is a crowded petri dish, and yet for those
of an intellectual bent who happen to be single, it's not easy, especially past university age, to find that certain
microbe for a great
symbiotic relationship.»
Carrie Arnold discusses the idea that
symbiotic microbes help drive the evolution
of their hosts (12 January, p 30).
«What we think
of as coral are really the animal host,
symbiotic algae and
symbiotic microbes all living together.
When Cary applied for the program at Scripps, his background with bivalves caught the attention
of Horst Felbeck, one
of the first to identify endosymbionts (
symbiotic microbes that reside within the host cell) in vent clams and mussels.
Some
of those carbon products transfer from the roots to
symbiotic fungi and soil
microbes, which store the carbon in the soil as humus.
Finally, there is the possibility — this perhaps the strangest
of all —
of weird
microbes and familiar
microbes operating in
symbiotic relationships that benefit each other through the exchange
of chemical compounds, enzymes, or even genes.
«It's a case
of the whole being greater than the sum
of its parts,» said Seth Bordenstein, associate professor
of biological sciences at Vanderbilt University, who has contributed to the body
of scientific knowledge that is pointing to the conclusion that
symbiotic microbes play a fundamental role in virtually all aspects
of plant and animal biology, including the origin
of new species.
This highlights the value
of investigating host —
microbe relationships from all branches
of the tree
of life, including those in which only a single
symbiotic species is involved.
«We are learning that these two fundamentally different cells are changing each other dramatically, and this might be relevant for other
symbiotic systems, including human and parasitic
microbe relationships,» said study co-author Eunsoo Kim, an assistant curator in the Museum's Division
of Invertebrate Zoology.
In order to fully grasp the complexities
of how
symbiotic microbes might affect evolution, Bordenstein said, the fields
of microbiology and evolutionary biology will have to form a
symbiotic relationship
of their own.
Diet, however, remains one
of the main avenues through which
symbiotic microbes populate an organism.
Animals acquire their
symbiotic microbes in a variety
of ways, by touching things or from the very process
of being born.
Preliminary findings suggest that the presence
of certain
symbiotic microbes alters the activity
of genes that regulate the immune system.
Humans rely on their native microbiota for nutrition and resistance to colonization by pathogens [3 — 6]; furthermore, recent discoveries have shown that
symbiotic microbes make essential contributions to the development, metabolism, and immune response
of the host [7 — 10].
The SCOBY, or
Symbiotic Colony
of Bacteria and Yeast, is the collection
of microbes responsible for turning sweet tea into a probiotic beverage.
The
symbiotic relationship
of the
microbes produces a stable growing culture.