One example of shared genes piqued the interest
of systems biologist Edward Marcotte of the University of Texas, Austin, and colleagues.
Not exact matches
In short, the irreducible complexity
of molecular
systems is controversial among molecular
biologists when it is presented as an idea with philosophical consequences, and tacitly accepted as reality when it remains in the world
of innocent fact.
Gregory was a
biologist, anthropologist, cybernetic,
systems and information theorist: studied communication
of dolphins, schizophrenics, addicts.
In a molecule, the degree
of self - creation and self - determination may be quite rudimentary, even negligible; a mechanistic molecular
biologist might argue that this can be explained (away) as the defective working
of totally deterministic
systems.
His comments on «scientific» views
of consciousness are also timely because populist evolutionary
biologists and «physicalist» philosophers
of mind often portray the conscious mind, indeed the «self», as nothing other than the sum total
of the chemical and biological parts
of the brain and central nervous
system.
This week, Science is running an interview with
systems biologist and trauma surgeon Michael Yaffe, who treated victims
of the Boston Marathon bombings.
Just as today's engineers design integrated circuits based on the known physical properties
of materials and use them to create electronic devices with amazing capabilities, tomorrow's synthetic
biologists are poised to design and build biological
systems that are custom - tailored to make a better world.
Meanwhile,
biologists grasp the
systems they're studying, but they lack the tools needed to properly analyze the reams
of data they produce.
In order to find out if this was really the case, the
systems biologist Dr Sebastian Beggel, who has worked extensively on the biology
of amphipods for a long time, carried out a standardized laboratory test together with his working group in Weihenstephan.
Researchers from LSTM, along with a team
of international
biologists who have recently sequenced the genome
of the king cobra, say that their work reveals dynamic evolution and adaptation in the snake venom
system, which seemingly occurs in response to an evolutionary arms race between venomous snakes and their prey.
«I can remember in my second year thinking [that] in the... 50 years since Watson and Crick elucidated the structure
of DNA, molecular
biologists had been taking living
systems apart and understanding the various pieces.
«In general, we know much less about the sensory
system than the motor
system in animal flight,» says
biologist Bret Tobalske
of the University
of Montana in Missoula.
Kraus is a
biologist who studies the auditory
system, which is at the nexus
of our cognitive, sensory and limbic
systems.
As for Darwin, Wolfe presents the greatest
biologist in history as a petty thief who stole credit for the theory
of evolution by natural selection from Alfred Russell Wallace, who was (Wolfe alleges) screwed over by the British gentlemen's club conspirators who rigged the
system to give Darwin credit for priority.
Integrative
biologist Robert Full
of the University
of California, Berkeley, suspected that some
of the insect's balance - preserving reflexes may be too fast to be controlled by its nervous
system alone and are also built into its mechanical structure.
Systems biologists, physicists, and engineers have intensively worked at computational tools to analyze, predict, and optimize the effects
of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) to treat chronic neurological diseases.
«We posited that giant kelp fed herbivores in the
system and provided structure and habitat for predators, and that it was fed upon by sea urchins and affected the understory communities
of algae and sessile invertebrates in the kelp forest,» said lead author Robert Miller, a research
biologist in UCSB's Marine Science Institute (MSI).
This limited set
of nervous -
system building blocks should have restricted their ability to develop advanced intelligence, says Daniel Rokhsar, an evolutionary
biologist at the Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University in Japan.
It was geologists who first noticed the evidence
of huge impact craters on Earth that had formed long after the solar
system settled into its present form, prompting
biologists to speculate on whether those collisions dramatically altered life's evolution.
If you increase the size
of a Sudoku grid to nine by nine, you suddenly have 6.7 sextillion possible scenarios... and you get an idea
of the nightmare molecular
biologists faced when they tried to code even a slightly complex biological
system.
In flies and mice, «their robustness comes in their genetics, and in particular the ability to rapidly develop
systems where we can alter genes,» explains Jonathan Gitlin, a developmental
biologist and director
of research at MBL.
We have been able to prove that the nervous
system plays an important regulatory role here,» emphasises Professor Thomas Bosch, evolutionary developmental
biologist and spokesperson
of the Collaborative Research Centre 1182 «Origin and Function
of Metaorganisms,» funded by the German Science Foundation (DFG).
The next hurdle becomes how to get these different simulations to talk to one another, says Amy Marshall - Colón, a plant
systems biologist at Illinois who leads a lab group independent
of Long's and Zhu's.
So he joined GSK Vaccines in 2010, as a molecular
biologist in the company's Antigen - Specific Cancer Immunotherapeutic program, which aims to harness the immune
system for the development
of well - tolerated cancer therapies.
By chemically removing the gut microbiome in zebrafish in the lab and then repopulating the gut with two to three bacterial species, University
of Oregon
biologist Karen Guillemin has shown that certain microbes are especially skilled at suppressing the host immune
system and preventing inflammation — a discovery she thinks may have implications for human health.
Systems biologist Prof. Thomas Höfer and colleagues (also
of the DKFZ) performed mathematical analysis
of these experimental data to provide additional insight into blood stem cell dynamics.
Assistive technologies for scientists with disabilities are an extension
of the technologies that assist all scientists, like a
biologist's microscope or a geographer's global positioning
system.
Biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and computer scientists have begun cooperating on a sophisticated «
systems biology» aimed at understanding how the countless molecular interactions at the heart
of life fit together in the workings
of cells, organs, and whole animals.
The first study results from the researches carried out by the team
of biologist Ana Caño Delgado, CSIC researcher in the Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), and physicist Marta Ibañes, from the Department
of Condensed Matter Physics and the Institute
of Complex
Systems of the University
of Barcelona (UBICS).
And with his boss, Monell director Gary Beauchamp, he isdeveloping the idea
of the odor print: the notion, first proposed bythe late
biologist Lewis Thomas more than 25 years ago, that body odorbears a signature
of immune -
system proteins as unique as a face or afingerprint.
Meanwhile, Floyd Reed, a
biologist at the University
of Hawai'i at Mnoa, has been working on a different kind
of drive
system called underdominance to prevent the Culex mosquitoes introduced to Hawaii from spreading avian malaria to endangered birds, including the Hawaiian honeycreeper.
So what kind
of training, whether systematic or ad hoc, should aspiring
systems biologists pursue?
New institutions around the world are gathering interdisciplinary teams
of biologists, mathematicians, and computer specialists to help promote
systems biology approaches.
Biologist Steven Jansen, at the University
of Ulm, Germany, and colleagues analysed existing data on the water transportation
systems of 226 plant species from 81 forests globally (Nature, DOI: 10.1038 / nature11688).
The research identifies a potent mechanism — rapid evolution
of the reproductive
system — involved in speciation, says William Rice, an evolutionary
biologist at the University
of California, Santa Barbara.
In addition to a marine
biologist's typical tools — water samplers to measure salinity and temperature, plankton nets — the team's toolbox will hold cameras, coring
systems to collect seafloor sediment, and hydroacoustic equipment to map the topography
of the now - exposed seabed.
The study opens a new door to cetacean researchers, who now have a «new sensory
system» to explore, says Paul Nachtigall, a sensory
biologist at the University
of Hawaii, Manoa.
Contemporary representatives
of the family therefore provide an ideal model
system for evolutionary
biologists who seek to understand the mechanisms that underlie the process
of species diversification.
By fitting DNA into an engineering template, the messy field
of biology emerges as a complex but somewhat predictable
system — one that synthetic
biologists have begun to maneuver in recent years.
For many molecular
biologists, the discovery
of the CRISPR - Cas9
system marked a new milestone in research: finally, genomic DNA can be cut with high efficiency and precision, enabling genes to be disabled, modified or re-introduced.
Even a decade ago many
biologists still hewed to the idea that the immune
system serves not only to eliminate pathogens but to ferret out cells that are the abnormal precursors
of cancer.
A
biologist, Schaal was among the first plant scientists to use molecular biology - based approaches to understand evolutionary processes in plants and she has worked to advance understanding
of plants» molecular
systems and population genetics.
«I like mentoring,» says Michael Stumpf, a
systems biologist at Imperial College London in the UK, who also indicated in the survey he spends over 20 percent
of his time mentoring postdocs.
«I think it's a wonderful paper,» says
systems biologist Carl Hansen
of the University
of British Columbia.
«What's really bad is when they destroy a thousand - dollar GPS
system,» Cook quipped, but there was an undercurrent
of anger on his face, which the
biologist could not disguise.
These experiments will help
biologists understand how plants respond to microgravity, which will improve efforts aimed at growing food in space — a crucial component
of long - duration missions to Mars or elsewhere in the solar
system.
«But there were signs that this wasn't the complete story,» says University
of Groningen
system biologist Matthias Heinemann.
Biologists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) have now discovered that the phases
of quiescence in the Drosophila fruit fly central nervous
system are controlled by the Hippo signaling pathway.
With the help
of a supercomputer, Dunn's team showed that the worm is a product
of the first split among bilateral animals more than half a billion years ago — a discovery that will help
biologists understand the origins
of the digestive and nervous
systems.
Kauffman, a complexity researcher and
biologist of the University
of Calgary and the Santa Fe Institute, has argued, for example, that self - organization — the propensity for
systems to become more complex without outside guidance — was just as important as natural selection in shaping evolution.