In the Spring 2009 issue of Ed Next, Podgursky and Bob Costrell wrote about the high cost
of teacher retirement benefits compared to those of workers in the private sector.
What are the likely trends going forward for the cost
of teacher retirement benefits?
Not exact matches
School districts cover costs
of the
retirement benefits through mandatory annual contributions to the
Teachers»
Retirement System.
The speaker said that the house would support an upward review
of teachers»
retirement age to
benefit Nigerian children.
Malloy wants to transfer hundreds
of millions in
teacher retirement costs to many towns but gives those same towns no say in pension
benefits.
The largest
retirement benefit for the sixth straight year went to George M. Philip, former executive director
of the state
Teachers»
Retirement System and former president
of SUNY Albany.
New York State lawmakers, at the urging
of Gov. Cuomo, voted on March 15 to cut the
retirement benefits for future public employees including New York City public school
teachers.
In other words, in the midst
of the Great Recession and historic unemployment,
teachers in the vast majority
of urban districts continued to get raises and generous healthcare and
retirement benefits.
Under a continuous career, our hypothetical
teacher would obtain 30 years
of service by age 55, qualifying her for «normal»
retirement benefits immediately at 75 percent
of final average salary.
In real life,
teachers come into and out
of the workforce, cross state lines, and attempt to transfer
benefits from one
retirement plan to another.
Meanwhile,
teachers are accepting lower base salaries today in exchange for the promise
of future
retirement benefits, a promise that only a fraction
of teachers will ever realize.
Teacher pensions, much like other defined
benefit plans, provide a more secure path to
retirement, helping many
teachers overcome the multitude
of obstacles that prevent saving for
retirement.
Some
of the higher cost
of employer
retirement plans for
teachers is offset by lower employer contributions for Social Security
benefits.
To take a simple example, suppose two occupations, one
of them
teachers, have identical earnings and
retirement benefits, but differ in health insurance
benefits.
Since private employers have largely eliminated this
benefit, this means that our estimate
of the gap in
retirement benefits favoring public school
teachers is low, although we can not be sure
of the extent
of the underestimate.
In other words, if a
teacher is hired on January 1, 2014, her pension -
benefit formula can never go down for the rest
of her working career and into
retirement, even if, for example, she lives until the year 2074.
Unfortunately for
teachers, the rising costs
of their
retirement systems do not reflect improved
benefits; they're primarily a function
of debt.
In the median state, less than half
of all
teachers are expected to work long enough to vest in their
retirement plan — meaning that despite big spending and promises, less than half
of all public - school
teachers, on average, will ever receive
retirement benefits for their years on the job (see Figure 3).
Pushing workers out at the normal
retirement age is a defining feature
of all defined -
benefit plans (including Social Security), and the ones states offer to
teachers are no exception.
In spite
of dissent from this view by some researchers (see sidebar), in this case we find that conventional wisdom is right: the cost
of retirement benefits for
teachers is higher than for private - sector professionals.
But what if we take their comparison seriously and show what
retirement benefits actually look like over the full career
of a
teacher?
In one important respect, it is likely that the BLS data underestimate the cost
of retirement benefits for public school
teachers.
The authors concluded that, «Oregon's policymakers and citizens allocated substantial resources to its
retirement system and, in return, received little economic
benefit in the form
of promoting longer
teacher tenures.»
But only a third
of new
teachers will remain long enough to actually receive full
retirement benefits.
In general, TRS
teachers can claim
retirement benefits when they end active service with Illinois Public Schools (IPS) and meet the following age and service requirements: age 55 with 35 years
of service, age 60 with 10 years
of service, or age 62 with 5 years
of service.
Most public school
teachers participate in defined
benefit (DB) pension plans, which because
of different accounting rules contribute significantly less today for each dollar
of future
retirement benefits than private - sector DB pensions or defined contribution (DC) pension plans.
On one side, it could encourage
teachers who are a few years short
of normal
retirement age to stick it out in a job they are less than invested in, just to maximize their pension
benefits.
In a review
of teacher pension
benefits, Robert Clark and Lee Craig write, «The main story
of the past quarter century has been the increased generosity
of teacher retirement plans.
Allegretto and Mishel calculate the value
of the pension
benefits that
teachers earn in a given year based on how much their employers contributed to their
retirement plans in that year, using data from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics» Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) survey.
Teachers can
benefit by diversifying their streams
of retirement income, one
of which should include Social Security.
Will they keep defending pension plans where a few
teachers get solid
retirement benefits at the expense
of the majority?
Regardless
of whether I use the pension plan assumptions or the actual turnover rate, the lines show that half
of all new
teachers will not reach ten years
of service and will not qualify for a
retirement benefit.
My answer is all
of them: For every year they work,
teachers should accumulate
benefits toward a secure
retirement.
Deferred
retirement benefits make up a large portion
of teachers» total compensation, especially later in their careers; yet standard analyses typically consider only the link between
teachers» current pay and experience.
Teachers»
retirement benefits become a drag on total compensation when the increase in
benefits for an additional year worked is less than the amount lost from the lost year
of collecting a pension during
retirement.
Teachers qualify for very little in the way
of retirement benefits during the first half
of their career because pension
benefits don't accrue evenly.
Alternative
retirement models, such as cash balance (CB) plans, would allow
teachers to earn a secure
retirement benefit over the course
of their career while also reducing the large late - career experience premium most current plans exhibit.
The
retirement benefits of teachers, and
of other public employees, have received increased scrutiny in recent years over concerns about the fiscal sustainability
of defined -
benefit pension plans and the peculiar incentives they create.
My simulation calculates the
retirement benefits that would accrue to
teachers in the Ohio pension plan whose patterns
of employment in the Ohio public schools match those
of the NLSY respondents.
The
teacher compensation structure heavily favors lifers, what with its mix
of low pay with generous, back - loaded
retirement benefits.
Under these plans, a
teacher's
retirement benefit is based on a combination
of factors: how many years he or she worked, some percentage (also known as a «multiplier» or «accrual factor,» for instance 2 percent), and a final average salary (FAS).
School districts and
teachers» unions don't negotiate on what the
retirement benefit should look like or what level
of benefit it should offer to various groups
of teachers.
But for now we're stuck with the consequences and costs
of a giant Ponzi scheme: Lawmakers have promised
teachers retirement benefits that the system can not afford, because the promises were based on short - term political considerations and willfully bad (or thoroughly incompetent) math.
Benefit systems that penalize shorter terms
of service are a stumbling block for second - career
teachers; comparable salaries and a defined - contribution 401 (k)- type
retirement plan make a lateral move more attractive.
For many
teachers, a defined -
benefit pension plan at
retirement is hardly a «fringe»
benefit — rather, it is a long - anticipated payoff at career's end, after years
of modest take - home pay.
In Washington, D.C., and 10 states — Arizona, Colorado, Maine, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and Wyoming — fewer than 10 percent
of new
teachers are expected to remain in the state system long enough to be eligible for normal
retirement benefits.
In 2017, employer costs for
teacher retirement benefits accounted for 21.9 percent
of teachers» salary costs, up from 11.9 percent in 2004 (see Figure 1).
If, instead, the state and its school districts implemented a smarter
retirement structure [4], the district could hire 207 more
teachers [5] or give each
of the 2,000 district
teachers a $ 3,315 per year raise [6], while still providing
retirement benefits to district employees.
Tier 2 offers worse
benefits for new
teachers: it has a higher minimum service requirement (up from five to 10 years, making it more difficult for new
teachers to qualify for a minimum
benefit), a higher normal
retirement age (meaning
teachers have fewer years to collect pension payments over a lifetime), a less generous pension formula (calculating the final average salary from the last eight years
of service instead
of just four), and a lower COLA.
What's sort
of interesting is that to some extent this bargain is happening informally, starting pay or
teachers is rising, pay is becoming (somewhat) more front loaded and
retirement benefits are being curtailed.