Sentences with phrase «of temperature over land»

At the surface, the variability of temperatures over land is much greater than that over the oceans (Fig. 4), which reflects the very different heat capacities of the underlying surface and the depth of the layer linked to the surface.

Not exact matches

When traveling over colder water, and land especially, the storm loses most of the energy that it gains from the high temperatures.

The World Bank estimates that over the next 15 years, the global economy will require $ 89 trillion in infrastructure investments across cities, energy and land - use systems, and $ 4.1 trillion in incremental investment for the low - carbon transition to keep within the internationally agreed limit of a 2 - degree - Celsius temperature rise.

Land - use changes over the past 250 years in Europe have been huge, yet, they only caused a relatively small temperature increase, equal to roughly 6 % of the warming produced by global fossil fuel burning, Naudts noted.

Land and Ocean Combined: The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6 Land and Ocean Combined: The combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6 land and ocean surfaces for August 2014 was the record highest for the month, at 61.45 °F (16.35 °C), or 1.35 °F (0.75 °C) above the 20th century average of 60.1 °F (15.6 °C).

Warmer than average temperatures were evident over most of the global land surface, except for parts of western Europe, northern Siberia, parts of eastern Asia and much of central Australia stretching north.

Pielke, who said one issue ignored in the paper is that land surface temperature measurements over time show bigger warming trends than measurements from higher up in a part of the atmosphere called the lower troposphere, and that still needs more explanation.

In addition, the data density and geographic extent of this study is far greater than most previous studies because over 16,000 stream temperature sites were used with thousands of biological survey locations to provide precise information at scales relevant to land managers and conservationists.

The experiments showed that, if Antarctica's land height is reduced, temperatures in the region respond more strongly to a rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases over the continent.

They found that the business - as - usual scenario comes with large climate changes the world over and would create entirely new patterns of temperature and precipitation for 12 to 39 percent of Earth's land area.

Using updated and corrected temperature observations taken at thousands of weather observing stations over land and as many commercial ships and buoys at sea, the researchers show that temperatures in the 21st century did not plateau, as thought.

Warmer than average temperatures were evident over most of the global land surfaces, except for parts of the United States and western Europe, northern Siberia, parts of eastern Asia and much of central Australia stretching north.

This translates into an average temperature rise of 4.3 C over land in the northern hemisphere where most of the world's population lives, and even more in urban areas.

According to the Land & Ocean Temperature Percentiles map above, monthly record warmth was observed over much of northern Canada, far northwestern Russia, southern Japan, the Philippines, part of southwestern China, and central southern Africa.

In addition to the surface data described above, measurements of temperature above the surface have been made with weather balloons, with reasonable coverage over land since 1958, and from satellite data since 1979.

The observed fact that temperatures increases slower over the oceans than over land demonstrates that the large heat capacity of the ocean tries to hold back the warming of the air over the ocean and produces a delay at the surface but nevertheless the atmosphere responds quit rapidly to increasing greenhouse gases.

The Nature article comes as climate scientists published what they said today was the «best ever» collection of evidence for global warming, including temperature over land, at sea and in the higher atmosphere, along with records of humidity, sea - level rise, and melting ice.

Global mean temperatures averaged over land and ocean surfaces, from three different estimates, each of which has been independently adjusted for various homogeneity issues, are consistent within uncertainty estimates over the period 1901 to 2005 and show similar rates of increase in recent decades.

And finally, current theories based on greenhouse gas increases, changes in solar, volcanic, ozone, land use and aerosol forcing do a pretty good job of explaining the temperature changes over the 20th Century.

With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above.

There are some various proposed mechanisms to explain this that involve the surface energy balance (e.g., less coupling between the ground temperature and lower air temperature over land because of less potential for evaporation), and also lapse rate differences over ocean and land (see Joshi et al 2008, Climate Dynamics), as well as vegetation or cloud changes.

The climate in most places has undergone minor changes over the past 200 years, and the land - based surface temperature record of the past 100 years exhibits warming trends in many places.

«We show that at the present - day warming of 0.85 °C about 18 % of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence,» the research team said.

Record high temperatures over land surfaces were measured across Far East Russia, Alaska, far western Canada, a swath of the eastern United States, much of Central America and northern South America, southern Chile, much of eastern and western Africa, north central Siberia, parts of south Asia, much of southeast Asia island nations and Papua New Guinea, and parts of Australia, especially along the northern and eastern coasts.

In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossible.

Here we show that, globally, temperatures over land have risen as much on windy nights as on calm nights, indicating that the observed overall warming is not a consequence of urban development.

---- It would actually be really interesting to see a series of plots that show how the datasets of measured sea and land temperatures have evolved over time as they have been improved with adjustments such as this.

The two longest ones are of temperature near the Earth's surface: a vast network of weather stations over land areas, and ship data from the oceans.

With the anthropogenic perturbation likely to be around 2C and maybe more in the next 100 years (that's a global average, it will be much more over northern hemisphere land where we actually live), there are simply no comparable sources of natural variability, and the historical record shows that such temperatures have not been approached in the last 2000 years.

All of the discussion about accelerating increases in temperature that I've read over the last couple of years pin the effect on feedbacks.Particularly changes in the land.

Thus, small changes of global average air temperature are associated with very large changes in some regions, particularly over land, at mid - to high latitudes, in mountain regions.

The paper in Nature Climate Change, «Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands,» pulls together a wide array of research, including the work by Bruce Forbes of the University of Lapland last year, on what I called «pop - up forests» — patches of rapidly - growing tundra shrubs.

Seems to me the debate about AGHG global warming and increasing TC frequency / intensity / duration boils down to the fact that as sea surface temperatures, as well as deeper water temperatures rise, the wallop of any TC over warmer seas without mitigating circumstances like wind sheer and dry air off land masses entrained in the cyclone will likely be much more devastating.

And at last they have found a new one: they suggest that the difference in the temperature increase over land and the oceans during the last decades might be due to contaminations of the land temperature record — They call it an anomalous behaviour — ignoring that it corresponds fully to what is physically expected.

«One of the most significant signals in the thermometer - observed temperature record since 1900 is the decrease in the diurnal temperature range over land, largely due to warming of the minimum temperatures... Climate models have in general not replicated the change in diurnal temperature range well.

A model of the imperfections is needed to enable the compensation, and the teams who provide values of global temperature each use a different model for the imperfections (i.e. they make different selections of which points to use, they provide different weightings for e.g. effects over ocean and land, and so on).

As far as I am aware, temperatures of the atmosphere close to the surface, rather than the actual surface, are usually measured over land, unless measured remotely by satellites, in which case the temperature of the material overlaying the Earth's surface is measured, rarely the surface itself.

Surface temperatures over land haven't gone up much, but that's not the only or even the best way to measure the amount of warming.

Verify using data collected only over the 1/3 of the planet that is covered with land strikes me as odd, particularly because we expect the land temperatures to rise faster than ocean temperatures.

«Global surface temperature trends, based on land and marine data, show warming of about 0.8 deg C over the last 100 years.

Notably, by studying the clouds over a limited region of the atmosphere over the eastern Pacific Ocean, as well as over nearby land masses, the team at the university's International Pacific Research Centre have declared themselves firmly in the latter camp, warning that, as temperatures continue to creep steadily upwards over the next 100 years, cloud cover will become thinner and more - sparse, thereby serving to exacerbate the problem.

Animation 1 compares the GISS land surface air temperature trends to UAH lower troposphere temperature trends over land for the period of 1979 to 2012.

Temperature change from climate models, including that reported in 1988 (12), usually refers to temperature of surface air over both landTemperature change from climate models, including that reported in 1988 (12), usually refers to temperature of surface air over both landtemperature of surface air over both land and ocean.

Spring drying of the land surface over Europe was an important factor in the occurrence of the extreme 2003 temperatures.

It's hard to imagine how Cowtan and Way could determine with any degree of certainty how «the hybrid method works best over land and most importantly sea ice» when there is so little surface air temperature data over sea ice.

By comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the global mean surface temperature, the land - ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004) estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.

Since the TAR, the observational basis of analyses of extremes has increased substantially, so that some extremes have now been examined over most land areas (e.g., daily temperature and rainfall extremes).

Diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased over land by about 0.4 °C over the last 50 years, with most of that change occurring prior to 1980 (Section 3.2.2.1).

This warming can be seen in measurements of troposphere temperatures measured by weather balloons and satellites, in measurements of ocean heat content, sea surface temperature (measured in situ and by satellites), air temperatures over the ocean, air temperature over land.

However, the critical threshold R C is independent of ɛ, and thus the calculation depends only on relatively robust averaged values of precipitation, net radiation, average temperature difference between land and ocean, specific humidity over ocean, and the natural constants ρ, L, and C p.