Our emphasis was not on the debilitating effects of anxiety, but the broader perspective that some
level of test anxiety manifests itself within students as stress.
Other students might respond to high frequency assessment in a manner the
opposite of test anxiety and not give their best effort.
Further, strategies to combat test anxiety may benefit from a better
understanding of test anxiety during phases of a self - regulated learning cycle.
Previous
measures of test anxiety inform our understanding of the worry and emotionality components of TA, but generally, items on previous measures do not directly map to a self - regulated learning framework (e.g., Winne, 2005; Zimmerman, 2008), within a social learning perspective (e.g., Bandura, 1977; 1986), and therefore SRLTAS items were designed with that purpose.
Direct overlap with previous measures was not anticipated as the SRLTAS was developed to capture unique elements
of test anxiety not addressed with existing instrumentation.
In development of the SRTLAS consideration was given to work by Cassady and Johnson (2002), which focused on the cognitive
components of test anxiety and expanded the traditional worry component of TA.
A number of studies reported the negative impact
of test anxiety on academic performance (Spielberger, Anton, & Bedell, 2015).
Although numerous measures of text anxiety currently exist; the nature of these instruments varies considerably and none specifically address the aspects
of test anxiety targeted in SRLTAS.
When performance suffers
because of test anxiety, it can be easy to fall into a downward spiral of negative thinking.
«Children with severe
cases of test anxiety may have physical symptoms like stomachaches or headaches before or during the test,» Deborah C. Beidel, Ph.D., explains.
If sitting for a test gets you so stressed out that your mind goes blank and causes you to miss answers that you know, then your level
of test anxiety probably needs some attention.
Because of the mounting political pressure and a certain
amount of test anxiety, a number of other states are considering ways of distancing themselves from the Common Core and the new assessments.
are basing more and more high stakes decisions on the results from assessments, we are obligated to explore and find a solution to the growing
problem of test anxiety for all modes of testing administration.»
The worry component represents the cognitive
facet of test anxiety defined as «any cognitive expression of concern about one's own performance» (Liebert & Morris, 1967: p. 975).
In this study we hypothesized that some students would report
benefits of test anxiety but this research question was exploratory as little research has reported the degree to which students» perceive test anxiety is of benefit to their performance.
As well as several theoretically - based instruments that have been used primarily in research including the FRIEDBEN Test Anxiety Scale (the FTA)(Friedman & Bendas - Jacob, 1997), which is a three dimensional, 23 - item measure that targets cognitive and physiological aspects
of test anxiety with consideration of social denigration.
Unlike previous measures that targeted the emotionality and worry elements of TA, or TA generally; the intent of SRLTAS scale development was to examine
dimensions of test anxiety not previously addressed.
Further, this
perspective of test anxiety, as not debilitating but rather a challenge is consistent with a self - regulated learning framework that would suggest awareness and monitoring of affect is relevant for strategy intervention and academic performance (e.g. Zimmerman, 2008).
The evolution of the TAS was different from many other commonly developed measures as much of the work Sarason and colleagues conducted targeted experimental
manipulations of test anxiety.
In Study 1, these two items we inversely correlated, as expected, but yet not strongly inversely related to indicate that students did not simply endorse one or the other beliefs about the
effects of test anxiety, but instead that participants held the belief that anxiety both helps and hinders potential performance.
Pintrich and Garcia (1993) also reported
stability of test anxiety and of cluster affiliations of college students who had been administered the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire.
Interestingly, however, limited research hints that small
quantities of test anxiety, similar to other forms of performance anxiety, might also serve to facilitate performance, consistent with the Yerkes - Dodson curve (e.g., Lyndon, et al., 2014).
[2] Herzer, Frank; Wendt, Julia; and Hamm, Alfons O. «Discriminant validity of constructs derived from the self - regulative model for evaluation anxiety for predicting clinical
manifestations of test anxiety.»
Physical
symptoms of test anxiety include a rapid heartbeat, dry mouth, sweating, stomach ache, dizziness, and desire to urinate.
This is in contrast to other
measures of test anxiety that often approach the construct from a clinical (e.g., Schwarzer, 1990) or descriptive perspective (e.g., Driscoll, 2007).
Evidence supports importance of both worry and emotionality
components of test anxiety and both are often considered critical elements of the construct.
Expected moderate significant correlations suggest support for the SRLTAS as a measure that captures
elements of test anxiety.
A wonderlic result doesn't take into account a players»
level of test anxiety or other factors such as educational training for standardized tests in the past.
«When it comes to these particular standardized tests, giving students more time when the student is not able to answer — how long are you going to prolong
some of the test anxiety?
The TAI addresses emotionality and worry components
of test anxiety.
Consistent with expectations, relations between the SRLTAS and other known measures
of test anxiety were generally moderate to strong.
In summary the SRLTAS addresses several aspects
of test anxiety not targeted in previous research and incorporates a much broader view of the nature of test anxiety within a self - regulatory framework.
Given our evolving understanding of the TA construct from current theoretical views of learning, the primary focus of the four studies presented here is the measurement of under - considered elements
of test anxiety.
Factor analyses of the instrument in Studies 1, 3, and 4 support interpretation of the SRLTAS as a multidimensional scale to include factors related to the social consequences
of test anxiety (e.g., what others think), anxiety differences by types of test items, temporal aspects of test anxiety (e.g., varied anxiety in relation to the administration of the test), anxiety about the consequences of the test score, and the debilitating and beneficial effects of anxiety.
The MSLQTA is a general representative measure
of test anxiety.
The measure assesses aspects
of test anxiety (TA) from a Self - Regulated Learning (SRL) perspective and provides evidence regarding areas of TA that may be targeted for subsequent learning strategy interventions.
Although the SRLTAS focuses on elements
of test anxiety not tackled in other instruments, the underlying experience of test anxiety would likely be experienced and reported across inventories.
Most existing test anxiety scales are conceptually related to the TAI in that they contain the identified worry and emotionality components
of test anxiety (e.g., the Worry - Emotionality Questionnaire (W - E Q) Liebert & Morris (1967); the Inventory of Test Anxiety (ITA)(Osterhouse, 1975); and the State Test Anxiety Scale (STAS)(Hong, 1998).
Despite the low power from the limited sample, all inter-scale correlations demonstrated positive statistical significance indicating correspondence among these measures
of test anxiety.