If, as now seems to be the case, the features
of the nineteenth century with which the growth of the influence of Jesus was so closely associated are fading, another recession can be anticipated.
Since the twentieth century worked out its initial attitude toward the «historical Jesus» in terms of the only available reconstruction,
that of the nineteenth century with all its glaring limitations, it is not surprising to find as a second consequence a tendency to disassociate the expression «the historical Jesus» from «Jesus of Nazareth as he actually was», and to reserve the expression for: «What can be known of Jesus of Nazareth by means of the scientific methods of the historian».
Consequently the twentieth century worked Out its initial attitude toward the «historical Jesus» m terms of the only available reconstruction,
that of the nineteenth century with all its deficiencies.
It was the exhilaration of the power and the wealth made available and of the doors opened by the machine which accounted in part for that abounding optimism
of the nineteenth century with which the spread of Christianity was so closely associated.
In Protestantism there was less tolerance than in the Roman Catholic Church of dictation by the heads of ecclesiastical hierarchies, and the Protestant spirit found congenial the laissez faire atmosphere
of the nineteenth century with its relative freedom from state control.
A second blow to deism came in the middle
of the nineteenth century with Darwin's alternative explanation of the design of nature with its emphasis on chance and struggle rather than on beneficent design.
Not exact matches
The rise
of Ukrainian nationalism in the
nineteenth century coincided
with the development
of the Ukrainian Autocephalous (self - ruling) Orthodox Church.
There is a precedent for this development in the late -
nineteenth -
century holiness movement,
with its ethos
of populism and Protestant pluralism.
The hospitals, the orphanages, the charities, the schools — all the
nineteenth - and twentieth -
century bricks and mortar
with which Catholics asserted themselves in America — seem uncertain, nowadays,
of their exact location in the space between the Church and the world.
In a rich country
with a weak knowledge
of art, this was possibly a laudable goal - though perhaps a little too confident
of government's power to legislate things like aesthetics and a little too sure
of the
nineteenth -
century dogmas
of man as perfectible and art as universal religion.
In The Evangelical Origins
of the Living Constitution, John W. Compton argues that the idea
of the living Constitution has a much longer history that began
with nineteenth -
century Evangelicals.
At the end
of the semester, Berger recalls, «I had become quite familiar
with nineteenth -
century French society.
Peace was won
with a lopsided treaty that infuriated the Chinese, especially in the context
of the concessions already imposed after the
nineteenth century's Opium Wars.
It is very difficult to try to understand how an eighteenth -
century figure would have reacted to the later struggles
of the
nineteenth century and how the tradition should be interpreted
with integrity in a new age.
The actual situation has been that by the time the encounter
with Buddhism became important to Western thinkers in the
nineteenth century, the traditional idea
of God was already losing convincing power.
Some
of this has to do
with the enduring quest to make history resemble a science, a vision that took hold in earnest in the
nineteenth century and has never entirely lost its appeal among academic historians.
Downing takes it a step further and says, «it is no coincidence that the concept
of biblical inerrancy developed in
nineteenth -
century England almost simultaneously
with Darwin's idea
of natural selection: both were influenced by Enlightenment empiricism.»
The habit
of looking to Moses for models
of constitutional order didn't end
with New England Puritans like John Cotton, but persisted well into the
nineteenth century.
William Booth, founder
of the Salvation Army, used the military metaphor
with great effect; slum dwellers
of nineteenth -
century London found the discipline
of a soldier to be strong armor against the pull
of a former life.
Hitler shared
with the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, a materialist outlook, based on the
nineteenth century rationalists certainty that the progress
of science would destroy all myths and had already proved Christian doctrine to be an absurdity».
Before the
nineteenth century, poverty was generally thought
of as a destiny, a fate, one
of the great scourges
of mankind, along
with famine, wild beasts, epidemics, war, earthquakes.
This was the result
of a relatively unified Protestant vision in the
nineteenth century, even if this vision had fractured into various wings over a number
of issues beginning
with the question
of abolition.
Rogue ordinations
of priests and consecrations
of bishops are nothing new in Christian history, but
with the breakaways to the Old Catholic Church following Vatican Council I in the
nineteenth century, the phenomenon
of episcopi vagantes (bishops on the loose) became a pronounced feature
of an underworld
of apostate Catholics and sectarian Anglicans.
Behind them, they had left the magnificent Anglo - Catholic edifice
of St Barnabas, built,
with no expense spared, in the late
nineteenth century and further glorified over subsequent decades
with the addition
of rich furnishings: a dazzling reredos in the Italianate style, a fine collection
of stained glass, ornate statues and glittering banners.
There has undoubtedly been a break in the twentieth
century with the tradition
of romantic love which arose in the later phase
of medieval culture, flourished in the «courts
of love» in the fifteenth
century, gave birth to the literature
of the romantic movement, reached conventional respectability and domestication in the
nineteenth century, and now seems out
of date.
This is a result
of the history [210]
of substance metaphysics,
with its multiplicity
of historical approaches.4 The notion
of a uniform, simple concept
of substance must itself be viewed as the product
of a critique
of substance that began
with Locke and was generalized in the
nineteenth century.
And memories
of forced union
with Reformed churches in Germany in the early
nineteenth century (which prompted much Lutheran immigration to the U.S) also induced isolation from broader American Evangelical culture.
Lutherans today are both more sophisticated and more liturgically minded than they were in my youth and so they are less tolerant
of the sentimental
nineteenth -
century gospel songs that for so long dominated Protestant hymnody, but they will now and then allow those
of us at mid-life or beyond to sing again the songs we grew up
with but which more informed tastes tell us (and we try to tell ourselves) we should not have liked as much as we did.
Process thought developed in the evolutionary philosophies
of the late
nineteenth century, and has a kinship
with the «emergent revolutionary» theorists.38 The process philosophers are interested not only in an evolutionary description
of the cosmos, but in what happens to all the traditional metaphysical problems when time is seen as an ingredient
of being itself.
It would not be too farfetched or inaccurate to say that Darwinism in its deeper and persistent effects, as these became manifest in science and industry
of the
nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, and, through them, in other cultural disciplines and activities, contributed to, if in fact it did not create, a new ethos in Western society, dedicated to the task
of dealing
with the immediacies
of existence in their practical aspect.
In philosophical circles, especially in
nineteenth -
century America, the resurgence
of Hegelian idealism was to have wider influence in dealing
with this problem.
1 Earlier in the
nineteenth century, the English Wesleyan theologian Adam Clarke had flirted
with a denial
of absolute prescience in his commentary on Acts.
It was only under the influence
of nineteenth century Western androcentricity, one
of the more dubious «blessings»
of British colonial rule, that many educated Indians would become uneasy
with this accentuation
of femininity in a culture hero.
If we go back to the
nineteenth century, one
of the major theories was the ether theory — the notion that space is full
of a pervasive medium consisting
of material particles
with strange properties.
This deity and two others associated
with him in the opening section, says Dr. Holtom, furnish the basis
of a claim by some
nineteenth and twentieth
century Shinto scholars that Shinto believes in a trinitarian monotheism.
But they reveal perhaps more clearly than the Graham preaching that, even
with sophistication updated, there has been no change from the
nineteenth century's revivalistic attitudes that are out to make sales and are intensely suspicious
of genuine human encounter.
With new vigor in the early nineteenth century, the churches of Western Christendom, through the overseas missionary movement, began their long and ever more complex recognition that the ministry and church must go to people in special settings or with special probl
With new vigor in the early
nineteenth century, the churches
of Western Christendom, through the overseas missionary movement, began their long and ever more complex recognition that the ministry and church must go to people in special settings or
with special probl
with special problems.
In the late
nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, several waves
of Orthodox immigration arrived nearly simultaneously in America, and they brought
with them their own traditions, customs and clergy.
But starting
with Peirce and Frege in the
nineteenth century and continuing
with Wittgenstein, Ryle, Austin, and a host
of others in the twentieth, the fundamental assumptions
of this framework came under consistent and, I think, effective attack.
In his view
of history, as well as in his view
of the sources, Stauffer shares the outlook
of nineteenth -
century liberalism, except that he replaces the critical approach
with the conservative principle:
For example, who really notices that the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 25 per cent since the middle
of the
nineteenth century (as a result
of the burning
of fossil fuels, along
with destruction
of rainforests)?
In the
nineteenth century, the existence
of such failed societies,
with abysmally low and falling living standards exacerbated by chronic violence, would have attracted the attentions
of one or other
of the colonial powers.
But
with the Enlightenment, or, more precisely,
with the historicism
of the
nineteenth century, the question
of the real Jesus was posed: Who really was Jesus, as a real person in history?
«His work in philosophy forms part, and a very important part,
of the movement
of twentieth -
century realism; but whereas the other leaders
of that movement came to it after a training in late -
nineteenth -
century idealism, and are consequently realistic
with the fanaticism
of converts and morbidly terrified
of relapsing into the sins
of their youth, a fact which gives their work an air
of strain, as if they cared less about advancing philosophical knowledge than about proving themselves good enemies
of idealism, Whitehead's work is perfectly free from all this sort
of thing, and he suffers from no obsessions; obviously he does not care what he says, so long as it is true.
With the growth
of American industrial society in the
nineteenth century, it became apparent that education was an important road to success.
His is the early -
nineteenth -
century's liberalism
of Friedrich Schleiermacher, an «enormously courageous move» that, «focusing on religious experience rather than religious ideation as the object
of theological reflection,... combined faith in one's own experience
with faith in the God who will not abandon those who trust in Him.»
(a) Philosophical preoccupation
with the various types
of cultural activities on an idealistic basis (Johann Gottfried Herder, G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gustav Droysen, Hermann Steinthal, Wilhelm Wundt); (b) legal studies (Aemilius Ludwig, Richter, Rudolf Sohm, Otto Gierke); (c) philology and archeology, both stimulated by the romantic movement
of the first decades
of the
nineteenth century; (d) economic theory and history (Karl Marx, Lorenz von Stein, Heinrich von Treitschke, Wilhelm Roscher, Adolf Wagner, Gustav Schmoller, Ferdinand Tonnies); (e) ethnological research (Friedrich Ratzel, Adolf Bastian, Rudolf Steinmetz, Johann Jakob Bachofen, Hermann Steinthal, Richard Thurnwald, Alfred Vierkandt, P. Wilhelm Schmidt), on the one hand; and historical and systematical work in theology (church history, canonical law — Kirchenrecht), systematic theology (Schleiermacher, Richard Rothe), and philosophy
of religion, on the other, prepared the way during the
nineteenth century for the following era to define the task
of a sociology
of religion and to organize the material gathered by these pursuits.7 The names
of Max Weber, Ernst Troeltsch, Werner Sombart, and Georg Simmel — all students
of the above - mentioned older scholars — stand out.
It is his early writings which contrast most sharply
with - Schleiermacher and the dominant emphases
of nineteenth -
century Protestant theology.
But this position seems to be in line
with that
of the now notorious
nineteenth -
century thinkers who sought the historical person
of Jesus behind the records and criticized the records from that vantage point.
Timothy Smith's book Revivalism and Social Reform in MidNineteenth
Century America, for example, argues persuasively that nineteenth - century evangelicals with their quest for moral perfection were at the forefront of the social battle, fighting against poverty, slum housing, racial intolerance, and inhuman working conditions.68 Smith's book has often been used by evangelicals to support their claim that they have been socially
Century America, for example, argues persuasively that
nineteenth -
century evangelicals with their quest for moral perfection were at the forefront of the social battle, fighting against poverty, slum housing, racial intolerance, and inhuman working conditions.68 Smith's book has often been used by evangelicals to support their claim that they have been socially
century evangelicals
with their quest for moral perfection were at the forefront
of the social battle, fighting against poverty, slum housing, racial intolerance, and inhuman working conditions.68 Smith's book has often been used by evangelicals to support their claim that they have been socially active.