His favored solution would involve establishing a longterm fishery infrastructure that would be controlled by the private sector — a model that would revolve around a system
of tradable permits:
Springer, U. and M. Varilek, 2004: Estimating the price
of tradable permits for greenhouse gas emissions in 2008 - 12.
The state government would auction off a declining number
of tradable permits each year to raise revenue; the revenue from transportation fuels would go to the Highway Trust Fund, while the rest would be invested in various climate - y things ranging from clean energy to protections for low - income residents.
Most others lined up behind some form
of tradable permit system.
Not exact matches
Presidential contenders John McCain and Barack Obama have committed to early enactment
of mandatory, economy - wide restrictions on emissions, implemented through
tradable permits and designed to reduce emissions by 60 to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.
We could endlessly debate the merits
of alternative control measures such as
tradable permits, taxes, and industrial standards.
McCain has cosponsored a bill, so far rejected by his colleagues, that would set up a national system
of tradable emissions
permits for greenhouse gases and would require U.S. emissions in 2010 to be no more than in 2000 — not quite Kyoto, which sets the levels 7 percent below 1990 — but a start.
The major industrial emitters could be required (or induced through taxation for
tradable permits) to capture their CO2 emissions or to convert part
of their processes to run on power cells and clean electricity.
The party opposes «any and all cap and trade legislation» that would create a system
of tradable pollution
permits designed to reduce industrial emissions
of warming gases such as carbon dioxide.
But Borenstein noted that policymakers are considering a far lower price — $ 20 per ton
of greenhouse gases — as the maximum that industry could be charged in proposed
tradable emissions
permit programs.
Despite the potential cost - effectiveness
of market - based policy instruments, such as pollution taxes and
tradable permits, conventional approaches — including design and uniform performance standards — have been the mainstay
of U.S. environmental policy since before the first Earth Day in 1970.
In the 1980s,
tradable -
permit systems were used to accomplish the phasedown
of lead in gasoline -(at a savings
of about $ 250 million per year), and to facilitate the phaseout
of ozone - depleting chloroflourocarbons (CFCs); and in the 1990's,
tradable permits were used to implement stricter air pollution controls in the Los Angeles metropolitan region, and — most important
of all — a cap - and - trade system was adopted to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and consequent acid rain by 50 percent under the Clean Air Act amendments
of 1990 (saving about $ 1 billion per year in abatement costs).
Emission
permit - An emission
permit is a non-transferable or
tradable entitlement allocated by a government to a legal entity (company or other emitter) to emit a specified amount
of a substance.
A
tradable permit is an economic policy instrument under which rights to discharge pollution - in this case an amount
of heat - trapping gas (greenhouse gas) emissions - can be exchanged through either a free or a controlled
permit - market.
Emission fees or caps on total pollution, potentially with
tradable emission
permits, are examples
of ways we could use to help remove this barrier.
The new EPA rules could encourage carbon - trading programs on the East and West Coasts, in which the government issues
tradable and salable
permits for carbon pollution to current polluters, then over time ratchets down the amount
of carbon allowed under each
permit.
Pezzey, J.C.V., 2003: Emission taxes and
tradable permits: A comparison
of views on long run efficiency.
Morthorst, P.E., 2001: Interactions
of a
tradable green certificate market with a
tradable permits market.
In 1968, while studying pollution control in the Great Lakes, University
of Toronto economist John Dales hit on a way for the costs to be paid with minimal government intervention, by using
tradable permits or allowances.
When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form
of regulations, taxes, fees,
tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate such recognition.»
What has caught on instead is a variant that most economists consider more or less equivalent: a system
of tradable emissions
permits, a k a cap and trade.
If you seriously believe in markets, you should believe that given the right incentives — namely, putting a price on emissions, through either a tax or a
tradable permit scheme — the economy will find lots
of ways to emit less.
Starting in 2012, the agency implemented a statewide cap - and - trade system that imposed a ceiling on greenhouse - gas emissions across key sectors and then distributed a fixed number
of tradable pollution
permits to businesses.