The most magnificent
of the tube worms are the feather and tan worms that inhabit the coral heads and hard surfaces throughout the barrier reef, patch reef environment.
The colonization
of tube worms also brings a group of organisms that live in and around the tubes.
The Deep's views
of the tube worms look as if they were taken on the planet Zargon.
Some 75 kilometers away in the same gulf, vents within the Alarcon Rise also hosted masses
of tube worms, only they were blood - red in color.
In the modern world, these sites are characterized by an unusual abundance
of tube worms, bivalves (clams), molluscs, and other animals that survive on the microbial mats that grow there.
Not exact matches
A doomed
worm (shown second) dosed with toxin but without the antidote gene forms only bits
of a
tube, partially visible through its body, and can't feed.
In an experiment inspired by Aesop's fables, Emery presented the rooks with a
worm floating out
of reach in a
tube of water.
By contrast, in the
tube worm millions
of symbiotic bacteria that dwell within the its large plumes grab hydrogen sulfide and other noxious chemicals that seep from the vents and convert them into food and energy for their host, a process called chemosynthesis.
Living several decades longer than its shallow - water relatives, Escarpia laminata has the longest known life span for a
tube worm, aging beyond 300 years, researchers report in the August Science
of Nature.
Chemical analyses revealed that this was a carbonate rock formed by the oxidation
of methane, and the spaghetti texture was formed by fossil
tube worms.
Two years ago, in a kind
of crater off the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, 10,000 feet down, a team led by Myriam Sibuet
of the French Research Institute for Ocean Exploitation, discovered a spectacular cold seep with a vast field
of clams and mussels, blue shrimp, purple sea cucumbers, and six - foot - long
tube worms growing in bushes next to mounds
of gas hydrate.
The typical
tube worm larva, they determined, has a potential lifespan
of about 38 days, which is apparently enough time to get to another vent and settle down before running out
of food.
After collecting specimens from Pacific Ocean sites, the team reared
tube worm embryos to the larval stage by replicating the temperature and pressure conditions
of the
worm's natural environment, and closely monitored their development.
Knowing the lifespan
of the larval
tube worm and the current conditions at other hydrothermal vent sites should thus enable researchers to predict
tube worm dispersal, team member Lauren Mullineaux
of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute says.
In the vicinity
of these vents, where temperatures hover at a cozy 30 degrees Celsius, thick mats
of chemosynthetic bacteria convert vent chemicals into energy, and in turn support colonies
of giant
tube worms, huge beds
of mussels and a variety
of crustaceans.
As a result, the shells they inhabit often show signs
of wear and, as in this case, colonisation by other animals: on the left and right sides
of the shell are anemones, with barnacles and
tube worms also attached.
Attached like a little wiggly
worm at the beginning
of the large intestine, the 2 - to 4 - inch - long blind - ended
tube seems to have no effect on digestion, so biologists have long been stumped about its purpose.
Normally at sea, the
worms come out
of the
tubes if they are killed by low pressure.
Along with one
of his graduate students, he has managed to re-create the
tube worms» habitat in the laboratory, the first time anyone has managed to keep the animals alive for more than a few days away from the ocean.
Much
of the work there has focused on the Pompeii
worm, which builds a protective polysaccharide
tube in the hottest part
of the vent, making it a leading candidate for the most heat - tolerant animal on the planet.
The objects
of his research —
tube worms — live along rifts in the ocean floor, feeding on dissolved minerals that well up from Earth's interior.
For years, scientists have been unable to reconcile the nutritional requirements
of crustaceans, sea cucumbers, snails, and
tube worms nearly a mile beneath the surface with the amount
of nourishment — microscopic organisms and other organic matter — that rains down from above.
Bejeweled creatures — squid, comb jellies, octopuses, and
tube worms — leap off the black pages in such a luminescent rainbow that you can't help but realize that the «blackness»
of the depths is a misnomer.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory»,
of the origin
of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler
tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,»
of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone gene gene expression gene mapping gene pool gene therapy gene transfer General Catalogue
of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory
of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission
of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost
of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow -
worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law
of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square
of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
Single animals were placed into 5 µl
of worm lysis buffer (10 mM Tris — HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.45 % NP - 40, 0.45 % Tween 20, 0.01 % Gelatin and 500 µg / ml fresh proteinase K) in a PCR
tube.
It grows in thick mats and shares its habitat near fissures in the Earth's crust with a few other hardy microbes and colonies
of giant
tube worms.
So hot was the vent water — 403 degrees C — that many
of the previous inhabitants, like the giant
tube worms, had been baked to death.
That energy then fuels species
of snails, shrimp, giant
tube worms, and others that have evolved to thrive in these aphotic ecosystems.
Tube worms release eggs and sperm, typical
of most marine invertebrates, which form a planktonic larvae.
One such group, the siphonostomes, are tiny flea - like copepods who live directly on the
tubes of the giant
worms.
Biologists were surprised to discover that the ecosystems found on the ocean floor along these mid-ocean ridges, consisting
of complex organisms like
tube worms, clams, and crabs, were dependent for their food on thermophilic chemosynthetic bacteria, which produced organic compounds using the oxidation
of inorganic molecules as an energy source, instead
of sunlight.
The discovery in 1977
of hydrothermal vent communities and giant
tube worms emerges as one
of the most exciting finds in recent years.
July 28, 2017 - Sporting names like the Indigo
Tube Worms, Ultra Violet Sloths and Orange Chicken, teams
of student summer interns matched wits against each other and competitors at Los Alamos National Laboratory and San Jose City College in a series
of «capture the flag» challenges that tested their knowledge
of...
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Retailers will want to stock varieties
of sponges, zoanthids, anemones,
tube anemones, sea slugs, nudibranchs, Tridacna clams, thorny oysters, flame scallops, feather - duster
worms, lobsters, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and tunicates.
Consider stocking at least a few representatives from each
of the following groups: Sponges — many types, shapes, sizes and colors Zoanthids — colonial anemones (some can be harmful to true corals) Anemones — short tentacle, long tentacle and carpet Corallimorphs — mushroom anemones, Ricordea, Discosoma and elephant - ear Cerianthids —
tube - dwelling anemones Mollusks (with and without shell)-- sea slugs, sea hares, nudibranches, turbo snails and many types
of living shells and clams Cephalopods — octopus and cuttlefish
Worms — feather dusters Arthropods — crabs, hermit crabs, shrimp and lobsters Echinoderms — sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea stars (starfish), serpent stars and brittle stars.
Many
of the marine
worms construct a
tube either in soft sediment, or on hard surfaces including coral heads.
Shrimps, brittle stars, nudlibranchs,
tube worms and tunicates
of every imaginable color are often overlooked by the diver.
Gray whales, as described by the International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), are stated to feed primarily on swarming mysids, commonly called opossum shrimps,
tube - dwelling amphipods, and polychaete
tube worms in the northern parts
of their range, but are also known to take red crabs, baitfish, and other food (crab larvae, mobile amphipods, herring eggs and larvae, cephalopods, and megalops) opportunistically or off the main feeding grounds.
Instead
of walking or crawling through the world class glow -
worm caves at Waitomo, why not hop in an inner
tube and leap into an underground river instead?
Lit by the light
of glow -
worms, you can raft,
tube and canyon your way through these mystical caverns.
Instead
of walking or crawling through the world - class glow -
worm caves at Waitomo, why not hop in an inner
tube and leap into an underground river instead?