Sentences with phrase «of upper air temperature»

The major uncertainties in satellite measurements of upper air temperature are due to sensor and spacecraft biases and instabilities, the characteristics of which need to be estimated by performing satellite intercalibrations during overlapping intervals.

Not exact matches

While the temperatures will be cold and the lakes warm, the amount of snow will be limited by the direction of the wind and relatively dry air in the upper atmosphere.

(Such low air temperatures encourage the formation of icy clouds in the upper atmosphere known as polar stratospheric clouds, which foster the chemical reactions that turn harmless chlorine compounds into ozone eradicators.)

Climate models generally predict that temperatures should increase in the upper air as well as at the surface if increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing the warming.»

5 - inch high - resolution TFT colour display, Coolant temperature gauge, External temperature gauge, Front and rear park assist, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Porsche Communication Management (PCM) including DVD navigation, Power steering plus, Remote tailgate / fuel filler releases, Service interval indicator, Sports button in centre console, 2 speed front wipers + intermittent wipe, Auto dimming interior + exterior mirrors, Automatic headlights, Body colour door handles, Colour coded bumpers, Day running lights, Electric windows + anti trap protection + one touch open / close drivers side, Electrically adjustable and heated door mirrors, Front fog lights, Grey tint in upper edge of windscreen, Heated rear windscreen, Heated washer jets, Integral rear antenna, Intermittent rear wash / wipe, Painted side air intakes, Painted tailgate strips with platinum silver, Platinum silver roof spoiler separation edge, Power foldback door mirrors, Privacy glass, Rain sensor, Stainless steel door entry guards, 5 12V sockets, 60 / 40 asymmetric split folding rear seats, Active carbon filter, Adjustable headrests (except centre rear), Air quality sensor, Automatic air recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Engine Compartment Light, Fabric roof lining, Floor mats, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated air conditioned glovebox, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Leather door armrests + grab handles on centre console, Manual height / reach adjust steering wheel, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Porsche crest embossed in front and rear headrests, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Steering wheel gearshift paddles, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats,Anti - lock Brake System + ABD,Anti - slip regulation, Curtain airbags, Electronic Damper Control, Electronic parking brake, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Preparation for vehicle tracking, Remote central locking, Two stage locking, 100 litre fuel tank, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black bezels, Trim strip in silver, Wheel centres with full colour Porsche crair intakes, Painted tailgate strips with platinum silver, Platinum silver roof spoiler separation edge, Power foldback door mirrors, Privacy glass, Rain sensor, Stainless steel door entry guards, 5 12V sockets, 60 / 40 asymmetric split folding rear seats, Active carbon filter, Adjustable headrests (except centre rear), Air quality sensor, Automatic air recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Engine Compartment Light, Fabric roof lining, Floor mats, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated air conditioned glovebox, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Leather door armrests + grab handles on centre console, Manual height / reach adjust steering wheel, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Porsche crest embossed in front and rear headrests, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Steering wheel gearshift paddles, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats,Anti - lock Brake System + ABD,Anti - slip regulation, Curtain airbags, Electronic Damper Control, Electronic parking brake, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Preparation for vehicle tracking, Remote central locking, Two stage locking, 100 litre fuel tank, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black bezels, Trim strip in silver, Wheel centres with full colour Porsche crAir quality sensor, Automatic air recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Engine Compartment Light, Fabric roof lining, Floor mats, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated air conditioned glovebox, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Leather door armrests + grab handles on centre console, Manual height / reach adjust steering wheel, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Porsche crest embossed in front and rear headrests, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Steering wheel gearshift paddles, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats,Anti - lock Brake System + ABD,Anti - slip regulation, Curtain airbags, Electronic Damper Control, Electronic parking brake, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Preparation for vehicle tracking, Remote central locking, Two stage locking, 100 litre fuel tank, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black bezels, Trim strip in silver, Wheel centres with full colour Porsche crair recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Engine Compartment Light, Fabric roof lining, Floor mats, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated air conditioned glovebox, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Leather door armrests + grab handles on centre console, Manual height / reach adjust steering wheel, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Porsche crest embossed in front and rear headrests, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Steering wheel gearshift paddles, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats,Anti - lock Brake System + ABD,Anti - slip regulation, Curtain airbags, Electronic Damper Control, Electronic parking brake, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Preparation for vehicle tracking, Remote central locking, Two stage locking, 100 litre fuel tank, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black bezels, Trim strip in silver, Wheel centres with full colour Porsche crair conditioned glovebox, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Leather door armrests + grab handles on centre console, Manual height / reach adjust steering wheel, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Porsche crest embossed in front and rear headrests, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Steering wheel gearshift paddles, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats,Anti - lock Brake System + ABD,Anti - slip regulation, Curtain airbags, Electronic Damper Control, Electronic parking brake, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Preparation for vehicle tracking, Remote central locking, Two stage locking, 100 litre fuel tank, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black bezels, Trim strip in silver, Wheel centres with full colour Porsche crest

Air ConditioningAutomatic climate control front air conditioning · Dual front air conditioning zones · Rear air conditioning · Single rear air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6Air ConditioningAutomatic climate control front air conditioning · Dual front air conditioning zones · Rear air conditioning · Single rear air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6air conditioning · Dual front air conditioning zones · Rear air conditioning · Single rear air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6air conditioning zones · Rear air conditioning · Single rear air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6air conditioning · Single rear air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6air conditioning zones AirbagsDual front airbags · Passenger airbag deactivation: occupant sensing deactivation · Side airbags: rear, front · Side - curtain airbag rollover sensor Audio SystemAntenna Type: diversity · Audio security system · MP3 auxiliary audio input · Rear headphone jacks · 6 disc in - dash CD · MP3 player: CD MP3 Playback · Bose premium brand · AM / FM radio · Radio Data System · Rear audio: separate rear audio · SiriusXM Satellite Radio · Speed Sensitive Volume Control · 1 subwoofer · 8 Total Speakers BrakesABS: 4 - wheel · Front brake diameter: 13.0 · Front brake width: 1.18 · Front brakes: ventilated disc · Rear brake diameter: 13.5 · Rear brake width: 0.79 · Rear brakes: disc Comfort FeaturesArmrests: rear center · Cargo area floor mat · Center console trim: simulated wood · Floor Mat Material: carpet · Floor Mats: front · Rear floor mats · Steering wheel trim: leather Convenience FeaturesAdjustable pedals: power · Cargo area light · Cargo area power outlet: 12V · Cargo cover: retractable · Center console: front console with storage · Cruise control · Cupholders: rear, front · Memorized settings: driver seat, 2 driver · Multi-function remote: keyless entry · One - touch windows: 1 · Power outlet (s): 12V front · Power steering · Reading lights: front, rear · Rear power outlet: 12V · Remote engine start · Retained accessory power · Steering wheel: tilt - adjustable · Steering wheel mounted controls: cruise controls, audio · Storage: door pockets, front seatback · Trailer wiring · Universal garage door opener · Vanity mirrors: dual illuminating DoorsLiftgate window: manual flip - up · Rear door type: power liftgate Driver SeatAdjustable lumbar support: power · Heated · Power adjustments: 12 DrivetrainAxle ratio: 3.42 EngineBattery saver · Cylinder Deactivation Exterior FeaturesTrailer hitch HeadrestsFront headrests: adjustable · Number of front headrests: 2 · Number of rear headrests: 2 InstrumentationClock · Compass · External temperature display · Tachometer · Trip computer · Warnings and reminders: low fuel level, tire fill alert LightsDaytime running lights · Exterior entry lights: puddle lamps · Front fog lights · Headlights: dusk sensing, auto delay off MirrorsExterior mirrors: power, power folding, integrated turn signals, driver side auto - dimming, heated Passenger SeatManual Adjustments: 4 Rear SeatsFolding: power return · Heated · Rear heat: rear ventilation ducts with fan control · Type: bucket RoofRoof rack SafetyChild safety locks · Child seat anchors · Parking sensors: rear SeatbeltsRear center seatbelt: 3 - point SeatsDriver seat power adjustments: reclining, height · Front seat type: bucket · Rear headrests: adjustable · Rear seat manual adjustments: reclining · Upholstery: leather - trimmed Security2 - stage unlocking doors · Engine immobilizer · Power door locks Spare TireMount Location: underbody Spare WheelRim Type: steel Stability and TractionStability control SuspensionActive · Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6Air Suspension: rear · Front Arm Type: upper and lower control arms · Front Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Front Spring Type: coil springs · Front Suspension Classification: independent · Front Suspension Type: strut · Leveling: self leveling suspension · Rear Shock Type: gas shock absorbers · Rear Spring Type: coil springs · Rear Suspension Classification: solid live axle · Rear Suspension Type: multi-link · Stabilizer bar (s): front, rear · Suspension control: electronic TelematicsSatellite communications: OnStar Third Row SeatType: removable bench, 50 - 50 split bench · Upholstery: vinyl TiresTire Pressure Monitoring System · Type: all season Tires and RimsP Tires · Spare tire size: full - size non-matching · Wheels: polished aluminum Truck FeaturesRunning boards: step WheelsWheel locks: spare only WindowsFront wipers: rain sensing, intermittent · Power windows · Privacy glass · Rear defogger · Rear wiper: intermittent NAVIGATIONBOSE STEREO SYSTEMREAR PARKING SENSORSSTABILITRACKKEY W / REMOTESUNROOFELECTRIC TAIL GATEELECTRIC REAR SEATSHEATED SEATSDUAL POWER SEATSQUAD SEATING ENTERTAINMENT PACKAGEELECTRIC FOLD DOWN REAR SEATSBACKUP CAMERA512 -985-6673

7» colour screen, Brake pad wear indicator warning light, Coolant temperature gauge, External temperature gauge, Front and rear park assist, Instrument cluster with high - resolution 4.8 - inch TFT colour display, Oil temperature gauge, On board computer, Power tailgate, Service interval indicator, Sports button in centre console, Auxiliary input socket, 2 speed front wipers + intermittent wipe, Automatic headlights, Body colour door handles, Colour coded bumpers, Electric windows + anti trap protection + one touch open / close drivers side, Electrically adjustable and heated door mirrors, Front fog lights, Grey tint in upper edge of windscreen, Heated rear window with automatic switch off, Heated washer jets, Integral rear antenna, Intermittent rear wash / wipe, Power foldback door mirrors, Rain sensor, Rear tailgate spoiler, Tailgate illumination and safety lights, 40/20/40 split folding rear seat, 5 12V sockets, Active carbon filter, Adjustable headrests (except centre rear), Air quality sensor, Automatic air recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Drivers underseat storage, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Height / reach adjustable steering column, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats, ABS+ABD, ASR, Curtain airbags, EDC, Electronic parking brake, ESP, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Silver anodised brake calipers, Tyre pressure monitoring system, Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Remote central locking, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with blacAir quality sensor, Automatic air recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Drivers underseat storage, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Height / reach adjustable steering column, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats, ABS+ABD, ASR, Curtain airbags, EDC, Electronic parking brake, ESP, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Silver anodised brake calipers, Tyre pressure monitoring system, Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Remote central locking, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with blacair recirculate, Delay courtesy light function, Door safety lights - front and rear, Drivers underseat storage, Footwell courtesy lights front and rear, Front and rear cupholders x 2, Front and rear door entry lights, Front centre armrest, Front reading lights, Front seatback pockets, Height / reach adjustable steering column, Ignition Lock illumination, Illuminated ashtray, Illuminated centre console storage, Illuminated driver / passenger vanity mirrors, Illumination of luggage compartment, Isofix system on outer rear seats, Passenger under seat storage tray, Pollen filter, Rear centre armrest with storage compartment, Rear reading lights, Retractable Loadspace Cover, Retractable luggage net, Roof mounted sunglasses holder, Stainless steel pedals, Storage bins on all doors, Storage compartments in cargo area side walls, 3 point front / outer rear seatbelts + pre-tensioners + force limiters on front seats, ABS+ABD, ASR, Curtain airbags, EDC, Electronic parking brake, ESP, Front seat belts warning, Front side airbags, Full size driver and passenger airbags, Height adjustable front seatbelts, Hill hold control, Passenger airbag deactivation system, PTM (Porsche Traction Management), Silver anodised brake calipers, Tyre pressure monitoring system, Alarm system + interior ultrasonic protection + inclination sensor, Electronic transponder immobiliser, Remote central locking, Diesel particulate filter, Porsche stability management (PSM), Integrated cluster with black b

The world's first completely automatic split - level air conditioning system allowed the choice of different variations of temperature for the upper and lower parts of the interior.

The Lexus RC F's automatic climate control system includes two - layer control of internal and ambient air and upper / lower level independent air mixing, as well as independent left and right temperature control.

Solar heating is the major source of error, both in upper - air and in in - situ surface temperature measurements.

Climate models generally predict that temperatures should increase in the upper air as well as at the surface if increased concentrations of greenhouse gases are causing the warming.»

As far as this historic period is concerned, the reconstruction of past temperatures based on deep boreholes in deep permafrost is one of the best past temperature proxies we have (for the global regions with permafrost — polar regions and mountainous regions)-- as a signal of average temperatures it's even more accurate than historic direct measurements of the air temperature, since the earth's upper crust acts as a near perfect conservator of past temperatures — given that no water circulation takes place, which is precisely the case in permafrost where by definition the water is frozen.

In 1998 there was a very strong El Nino and the global annual surface air temperature surged enough to equal the upper bound of the GCM model ensemble.

My guess on why was shown at RC a few weeks ago in comment # 12... Wayne, if it's true as you indicated in 9, that upper air temperatures are increasing at a much stronger rate than near the surface, it seems to me the departure would explain at least part of what seems to be a large increase in world area having minimal rainfall and drought... at: http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2006/07/peter-doran-and-how-misleading-talking-points-propagate/

Forest et al. 2006 compares observations of multiple surface, upper air and deep - ocean temperature changes with simulations thereof by the MIT 2D climate model run at many climate parameter settings.

If you can point me to a source of complete annual data for surface, upper air and deep ocean temperatures from the HadCM2 and / or GFDL (R30b?)

Forest 2006, along with several other climate sensitivity studies, used simulations by the MIT 2D model of zonal surface and upper - air temperatures and global deep - ocean temperature, the upper - air data being least influential.

Figure 1: Global temperatures from models are calculated using air temperatures above the land surface and also from the upper few meters of the ocean.

«Storms like Harvey are helped by one of the consequences of climate change: As the air warms, some of that heat is absorbed by the ocean, which in turn raises the temperature of the sea's upper layers.

It is notable that this feedback is arguably the most difficult to control due to the period of several decades that would be required to restore the upper oceans» natural temperature by an Albedo Restoration program lowering the surface air temperature.

The GISS climate model outputs of sea surface temperature are available through the KNMI Climate Explorer, specifically through their Monthly CMIP5 scenario runs webpage, under the heading of Ocean, ice and upper air variables.

A number of possible research strategies for improving the understanding of uncertainties inherent in the various measurement systems and the relationship between surface and upper air temperature trends are proposed in the report.break

The panel was asked to assess whether these apparently conflicting surface and upper air temperature trends lie within the range of uncertainty inherent in the measurements and, if they are judged to lie outside that range, to identify the most probable reason (s) for the differences.

Its convective strength — the boiling motion of air rising from the ocean surface to the atmosphere — depends on the temperature difference between the surface ocean and the upper atmosphere.

The upper panel shows the air temperature at the summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet, reconstructed by Alley (2000) from GISP2 ice core data.

Despite the many unresolved issues touched on in this chapter and discussed in more detail in chapters 5 — 9, the progress that has been achieved over the past few years provides a basis for drawing some tentative conclusions concerning the nature of the observed differences between surface and upper air temperature trends, and their implications for the detection and attribution of global climate change.break

Since this phenomenon first became apparent in the early 1990s, the research community has been seeking to identify and quantify possible sources of errors in the surface and upper air temperature measurements, and it has been trying to understand the physical processes that may have caused surface and upper air temperatures to change relative to one another.

We air - deploy buoys that measure the temperature profile of the upper ocean continuously and report the data via Satellite.

It is not «conduction» but exchange of radiation; if you keep your hands parallel at a distance of some cm the right hand does not (radiatively) «warm» the left hand or vice versa albeit at 33 °C skin temperature they exchange some hundreds of W / m ² (about 500 W / m ²) The solar radiation reaching the surface (for 71 % of the surface, the oceans) is lost by evaporation (or evapotranspiration of the vegetation), plus some convection (20 W / ²) and some radiation reaching the cosmos directly through the window 8µm to 12 µm (about 20 W / m ² «global» average); only the radiative heat flow surface to air (absorbed by the air) is negligible (plus or minus); the non radiative (latent heat, sensible heat) are transferred for surface to air and compensate for a part of the heat lost to the cosmos by the upper layer of the water vapour displayed on figure 6 - C.

Basic fields are displayed (surface MSL pressure, temperature, dewpoint, winds), along with short - term (0 - 2 hour) forecasts of upper air conditions.

Therefore, I find it hard to see how a * living * upper treeline of very old trees can measure any temperature changes over their age greater than 1.2 C (ok, make it 1.5 C at most with unsaturated air).

Since an inversion will usually control the upper level to which heat is carried by convection, only a shallow layer of air will be heated if the inversion is low and large, and the rise in temperature will be great.

As the elevational lapse rate of summer air temperatures in the Polar Urals is 0.7 °C, the climate - dependent upper boundary of the zone suitable for tree growth could ascend approximately 100 m.

Lindzen was only able to keep the «iris» ball in the air for as long as he did because prior to the advent of AIRS the upper troposphere was an especially hard place to get accurate measurements, and by completely ignoring paleoclimate, e.g. the conflict between the «iris» and the Pleistocene glacial cycles, and the fact that prior to the Pleistocene higher CO2 levels led to temperatures that kept glaciers from existing at all (the latter having been firmed up only recently, to be fair).

Key environmental information includes air temperatures and ocean temperatures in the upper kilometer of the ocean, sea ice, and related oceanic properties.

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.

A long - term dataset of upper - air temperatures for Australia, measured using radiosondes, is currently being prepared by the Bureau.

Because the satellite data measure an average temperature through a depth of several kilometres in the atmosphere, they would be expected to compare better with upper - air measurements taken using weather balloons and radiosondes than they would with measurements at the surface.

The reverse is true during cool and wet summers, when the magnitude of cooler than normal temperatures at the surface is not matched in the upper air.

If a significant portion of heat were being lost from the ocean, then it must warm surface air temperatures, before reaching the upper atmosphere and being radiated out to space.

For instance, when the long wave radiation from the upper few micrometers of the ocean is upward, the skin temperature is usually cooler than the bulk SST.Latent and sensible heat fluxes can cool the sea surface further if the air is dryer or colder.

back to the horizontal gradient, if the upper tropospheric thermal wind shear increase is greater than the decrease of the lower layer, then maybe the overall baroclinic instability would be stronger — but currently the upper level eddy circulations do not transport much heat poleward, so would the structure of cyclones change so that a deeper layer of air is involved in the thermal advection, compensating for a weaker temperature gradient?

I have checked up on the diurnal variation in temperature and found this paper: Seidel et al., 2005 Diurnal cycle of upper - air temperature estimated from radiosondes.

Ongoing missions and instruments of relevance to the upper - air temperature ECV include MSU (1979 --RRB-, AMSU (1999 --RRB-, CHAMP (2001 --RRB-, COSMIC (2006 --RRB-, GRAS (2006 --RRB-, HIRS (1979 --RRB-, and AIRS (2002 --RRB-.

The atmosphere ECV breakout group was asked to consider 10 ECVs related to observations of the atmosphere: Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance); aerosol properties; ozone; carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases; cloud properties; precipitation; water vapor; surface wind speed and direction; upper - air wind; and upper - air temperature.

Three - dimensional upper - air wind, temperature, and moisture profiles with high vertical and temporal resolution are key to improved prediction of hurricane track and intensity.

The upper - air temperature ECV appears to be in good health with the planned flight of CrIS / ATMS on NPOESS and IASI on MetOp, although several participants noted that the inadequate diurnal coverage could be improved by addition of CrIS to the early AM (0530, descending) NPOESS spacecraft.

Some participants noted that a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) flight of opportunity to fly GIFTS or another Pathfinder could further recover ability to observe and integrate upper - air temperature across the diurnal cycle.

Whatever its impact upon SST, dust might impact other factors contributing to cyclone intensity (Emanuel, 1995), in particular, the reduction of the air - sea heat flux and temperatures in the upper troposphere.

Figure 1: Antarctic (Vostok) ice core records of temperature, CO2 (upper) and CH4 (lower) including time - scale adjustment to account for ice - gas age difference associated with the time for air bubbles to be sealed (Petit et al. 1999) and corrected for variations of climate in the water vapor source regions (Vimeux et al. 2002) as described in Supporting Text of Hansen and Sato (2004).