Sentences with phrase «of upper ocean»

Decreases in both upwelling and formation of deep water and increased stratification of the upper ocean will reduce the input of essential nutrients into the sunlit regions of oceans and reduce productivity (Cox et al., 2000; Loukos et al., 2003; Lehodey et al., 2003; Sarmiento et al., 2004a).

If there is no warming in the deep ocean and the warming of the upper ocean does not account for the supposed warming that sshould have occurred because of added CO2 than CO2 is not what caused the warming and the warming was caused by some other means, Get it now Chachi?

Looking at the last decade, it is clear that the observed rate of change of upper ocean heat content is a little slower than previously (and below linear extrapolations of the pre-2003 model output), and it remains unclear to what extent that is related to a reduction in net radiative forcing growth (due to the solar cycle, or perhaps larger than expected aerosol forcing growth), or internal variability, model errors, or data processing — arguments have been made for all four, singly and together.

http://climatesci.colorado.edu/2007/04/11/correction-to-paper-on-recent-ocean-cooling-to-be-available-soon/ April 11, 2007 Correction To Paper on Recent Ocean Cooling To Be Available Soon Filed under: Uncategorized — Roger Pielke Sr. @ 4:29 pm The correction to the paper Lyman, J. M., J. K. Willis, and G. C. Johnson (2006), Recent cooling of the upper ocean, Geophys.

Some merchant ships deploy instruments that measure the temperature of the upper ocean as participants in voluntary ship - of - opportunity programs.

Recent cooling of the upper ocean.

One possibility that has been discussed by Emanuel and others is the fact that the warming of the upper ocean may be inhibiting the negative feedback associated with upwelling of colder sub-surface water due to wind stirring.

If you have good measurements of upper ocean and atmospheric temperatures, then if you had a good decade - long satellite record of the Earth's total radiative energy balance from space — say, if Triana has been launched to in the late 1990s — then you could use conservation of energy to calculate the rate of heat uptake by the deep ocean over the past ten years.

We now have an increased flow into our deep ocean but measurement of our upper ocean would reveal no change.

A composite analysis of satellite - based SST measurements reveals that in the tropical region the average strength of the storm - induced sea surface cooling can be explained by the superposition of an effect due to the storm intensity and an effect associated with the translation speed, and implies that the variability of upper ocean stratification may not be an important factor in this region

The rainfall drivers of the tropics impact the heat of the upper ocean where hurricanes form.

From 1963 to 1991, there were a series of volcanic eruptions which caused cooling and hence contraction of the upper ocean.

In both experiments the AMOC is intensified in the course of the solar radiation reduction, which is attributed to the thermal effect of the solar forcing: reduced sea surface temperatures and enhanced sea ice formation increase the density of the upper ocean in the North Atlantic and intensify the deepwater formation.

Argo is a network of over 3000 floats scattered across the globe that measure temperature and salinity of the upper ocean.

MPAs may also be able to counteract increasing incidences of nutrient - poor «ocean deserts» and depletion of oxygen in areas of the upper ocean, both of which are linked to climate change, according to the paper.

The anomalous air - sea interactions associated with this ridge resulted in reduced seasonal cooling of the upper ocean.

The quick tempered reaction of Poitou & Bréon: «Again a long list of nonsense in those statements» may suggest that they don't like that clouds and insolation drive the temperatures and the heat content of the upper ocean (card n ° 13).

It has been noted in a five - member multi-model ensemble analysis that, associated with the changes in temperature of the upper ocean in Figure 10.7, the tropical Pacific Ocean heat transport remains nearly constant with increasing greenhouse gases due to the compensation of the subtropical cells and the horizontal gyre variations, even as the subtropical cells change in response to changes in the trade winds (Hazeleger, 2005).

These measurements first showed slight cooling of the upper ocean, then (after some corrections to the raw data) slight warming, but it is still too early to say whether or not these measurements really mean anything.

«The heat content of the upper ocean is a key climate indicator, contributing to a substantial portion of the global sea level rise.

Eli, Pielke Snr says: «There does not need to be years of record to obtain statistically significant measures of upper ocean heat content.

At that point you try and measure changes in heat content of the upper ocean, more precisely, the flow of energy into and out of the upper ocean by measuring the change in heat content over time.

We air - deploy buoys that measure the temperature profile of the upper ocean continuously and report the data via Satellite.

Several studies have shown that observations of sea surface height (SSH) are strongly correlated with the thermal structure of the upper ocean (e.g. Goni et al. 1996; Gilson et al. 1998; Mayer et al. 2001; Willis et al. 2004).

In tranquil, well - behaved parts of the ocean like near the Galapagos, it would be probably easier to document changes in the carbon content of the upper ocean than it would be on land.

Different methods have been developed to calculate this vertical thermal structure of the upper ocean.

Once the CO2 concentration of the upper ocean is depleted by growth and sinking of phytoplankton, the timescale for gas exchange with the atmosphere is about a year for a one - hundred meter ocean mixed layer, typical of the tropics.

My suspicion is that there is a bias in interpretation of XBT data to maintain the idea that the warming of the upper ocean since 1976 is due to increased co2, and the rescaling of XBT data works to reduce the impact of the ARGO data, which shows a «slight cooling» according to Craig Loehle and Josh WIllis (before his arm was twisted), and only a very slight increase according to Levitus 2010.

- At NERSC we use these satellite observations for research and development studies of the upper ocean and sea ice covered regions, with special focus in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean.

Over the long haul if OHC stops rising the lower ocean will be sucking excess heat out of upper ocean as equilibrium between them is slowly reestablished.

But the NASA researchers said their approach, described in the journal Nature Climate Change, is the first to test the idea using satellite observations, as well as direct temperature measurements of the upper ocean.

In the present study, satellite altimetric height and historically available in situ temperature data were combined using the method developed by Willis et al. [2003], to produce global estimates of upper ocean heat content, thermosteric expansion, and temperature variability over the 10.5 - year period from the beginning of 1993 through mid-2003...

Time series of annual average global integrals of upper ocean heat content anomaly (1021 J, or ZJ) for (a) 0 — 100 m, (b) 0 — 300 m, (c) 0 — 700 m, and (d) 0 — 1800 m. Thin vertical lines denote when the coverage (Fig. 3) reaches 50 % for (a) 0 — 100 m, (b) 100 — 300 m, (c) 300 — 700 m, and (d) 900 — 1800 m. From Lyman & Johnson (2013)

KNMI therefore expects «an upcoming resumption of the heating of the upper ocean,» as the below figure shows:

One group of researchers favors «stratification» as a cause — the tendency of climate warming of the upper ocean to restrict seasonal overturning and reduce the supply of new atmospheric oxygen.

(5) modulation of the upper ocean heating via phytoplankton and their associated optical properties.

(1) forcing of the upper ocean physical condition through the input of solar radiation, including light, heat, and indirectly momentum at the ocean surface;

But an influence within a few months could only affect a few meters of the upper ocean?

Since ARGO has been in operation, the record shows a net heat loss of the upper ocean (which team leader, Josh Willis, has referred to scientifically as a «speed bump»).

Unfortunately we do not have any reliable and comprehensive measurements of upper ocean temperature and heat content prior to 2003, when ARGO measurements replaced the old expendable and spotty XBT data.

Mauritsen said the warming of the upper ocean and the atmosphere during the summer through reduced cooling around Europe results in the stronger transport of heat into the Arctic, which is actually «pristine» in general.

What keeps the hurricane going is the cold upper atmosphere and the warm sea surface (and a warm mixed layer of the upper ocean will sustain the hurricane)-- just like a Carnot heat engine.

The time constant of the upper ocean is perhaps ten years.

In boreal spring, SST rises by 2 kelvin when heating of the upper ocean by the atmosphere exceeds cooling by mixing from below.

Even assuming that the dataset is comprehensive: Considering that the upper - ocean cooling is seen mainly at 30N and 30S, another explanation for this cooling is increased ocean — to — atmosphere heat transfer in these regions (possibly aided by hurricane - mixing of the upper ocean layer, and advection of deeper cold water as a result).

... The recent cooling of the upper ocean implies a decrease in the thermosteric component of sea level.

But they raise a long series of problems including the fact that major ice melt events do not seem to have occurred at the «right» times, that fresh water comes in at the edges mainly, not in the middle of the ocean, and that the models do not properly represent the physics of the upper ocean.

Thus, some heat gets converted to kinetic energy, but that gets converted back to heat, either by viscosity or by thermally - indirect circulations that produce APE while pulling heat downward in the process (LHSO: Ferrel cell (driven by extratropical storm track activity), Planetary - scale overturning in the stratosphere and mesosphere (includes Brewer - Dobson circulation (I'm not sure if the whole thing is the Brewer - Dobson circulation or if only part of it is)-RRB-, some motions in the ocean; LVO: wind driven mixing of the boundary layer and of the upper ocean (though mixing itself tends to destroy the APE that the kinetic energy would create by forcing heat downward)-RRB-.

Their argument goes like this: It is not possible that warming of the deep ocean accelerates at the same time as warming of the upper ocean slows down, because the heat must pass through the upper layer to reach the depths.

OTOH equilibration of the upper ocean, the atmosphere and the biosphere with the deep abyss takes a few thousand years.