They also look expensive on a broader range
of valuation measures.
On the basis
of valuation measures most tightly related to actual subsequent long - term market returns, we also estimate that the S&P 500 is likely to be lower 12 years from now, compared with current levels, though dividend income may push the total return just over zero on that horizon.
Investing based on size, measured by company market capitalization, would use only the price side
of the valuation measure.
Thank goodness the relationship is weak, as current valuations for low beta stocks are well into the top decile of historical experience regardless
of the valuation measure used.
Not exact matches
So if we look at a range
of market
valuation measures, whether it's Shiller CAPE, whether its price - to - book, whether it's price - to - trailing earnings, price - to - peak earnings, when we look at these
measures, they look like they're in the, what we would call, the 10th decile, meaning generally,
valuations are cheaper 90 %
of the time.
Since 1980, tech companies have gone public with average price - to - sales ratios
of 5.8, so by that
measure valuations aren't out
of whack.
By one closely watched
measure of valuation, Alan Greenspan's irrational exuberance warning should be keeping investors near the sell button.
Price: The price
of an opportunity can be
measured by the expected ROI and the relative
valuation of the company compared to similar alternatives.
Given that
valuations were already rich when the VIX, a commonly used
measure of S&P 500 volatility, was at 10, a doubling
of volatility suggests stocks should be trading closer to 16 or 17 times earnings, not 21.
Our long - term forecasts are based on our assessment
of current
valuation measures, economic growth and inflation prospects, as well as historical risk premiums.
When
valuations exceeded even 12 times normalized earnings (on our most comprehensive
measure discussed above), seemingly «favorable» market action was followed by profound losses averaging -69.8 % on an annualized basis (generally reflecting a few weeks
of vertical losses until enough damage was done to kick the market action
measures negative).
Moderate interest rates were associated with a whole range
of subsequent returns over the following decade, and we know that those outcomes were 90 % correlated with the level
of valuations at the beginning
of those periods (on reliable
measures such as market cap / GDP, price / revenue, Tobin's Q, the margin - adjusted Shiller P / E, and others we've presented over time - see Ockham's Razor and the Market Cycle).
This is done by indexing property
valuations (typically provided at the time a loan is originated) by a
measure of housing prices and accounting for offset balances.
Along with the steepest equity
valuations in U.S. history outside
of 1929 and 2000 (on
measures that are actually reliably correlated with subsequent market returns), private and public debt burdens have reached the most extreme levels in history.
The problem is when investors adopt theories and models that embed the most optimistic assumptions possible, run contrary to historical evidence, or embed subtle peculiarities that actually drive the results (see, for example, the «novel
valuation measures» section
of The Diva is Already Singing).
As always, the strongest prospective market return / risk profile is associated with a material retreat in
valuations followed by an early improvement in broad
measures of market internals.
The results below are specific to methods we actually use, but I expect that they could be broadly replicated using any basic combination
of valuations (say, Shiller PEs), and market action (say, moving averages or breadth
measures).
«On the other hand, using the same essential
measures of valuation and market action, but including periods
of major economic dislocation into the dataset, produces average return / risk inferences that are substantially less favorable.
It turns out that he is still right, and the effect
of being right is that equities are far more overvalued than may be evident even on
measures like the Shiller CAPE (see An Open Letter to the FOMC: Recognizing the
Valuation Bubble in Equities).
While a number
of simple
measures of valuation have also been useful over the years, even metrics such as price - to - peak earnings have been skewed by the unusual profit margins we observed at the 2007 peak, which were about 50 % above the historical norm - reflecting the combination
of booming and highly leveraged financial sector profits as well as wide margins in cyclical and commodity - oriented industries.
In any event, our
measures of trend uniformity are clearly unfavorable here, as are
valuations.
In the face
of constant cheerleading in 2000 based on theories and
valuation measures that were historically unfounded, I wrote in February
of that year:
The Sector Scorecard's proprietary methodology
measures the relative attractiveness
of each sector as
measured by 4 key factors: business cycle, fundamentals, relative
valuations, and relative strength.
It's common to object to the dividend yield as a
measure of valuation, given that companies have devoted more
of their earnings to stock repurchases than dividend payments in recent years.
There will always be conceptual issues with any single
valuation measure, so the best we can do is evaluate
valuations from the standpoint
of multiple historically reliable approaches.
As always, the best opportunities are likely to emerge when a material retreat in
valuations is joined by an early improvement in our
measures of market action (which, following our stress - testing earlier in this half - cycle, are robust to every market cycle we've observed across history).
For all the reasons listed above, the correlation between these two factors is actually very weak, as demonstrated by Tim Koller, Jack Murrin, and Thomas E. Copeland in
Valuation:
Measuring and Managing the Value
of Companies (p. 80).
At Berkshire Hathaway's recent annual shareholders meeting, an investor asked Buffett about the relevance
of two popular
measures of stock market value: 1) market cap - to - GDP, which Buffett once heralded as «probably the best single
measure of where
valuations stand at any given moment» and 2) the cyclically - adjusted price - earnings ratio (CAPE), which was made famous by Nobel prize winner Robert Shiller and was seen as accurately predicting the dot - com bubble and the housing bubble.
Only with a real grasp on the true cash flows
of the business can one get an accurate
measure of the future cash flow growth implied by the stock's
valuation.
Figure 2 compares Skechers to a number
of other shoe / apparel companies in the «Athleisure» segment across
measures of profitability, growth, and
valuation.
Market - Implied Duration
of Growth (Growth Appreciation Period)
measures the number
of years
of future profit growth required to justify the current
valuation of the stock.
-- on this
measure of startup
valuations and exits, Barcelona's ecosystem is 56 percent larger than the global median.
Presently, wicked
valuations are coupled with still - unfavorable market internals on our
measures, and have now been joined by the most extreme «overvalued, overbought, overbullish» syndrome
of conditions we identify.
The economic gains and market returns that emerged during the Reagan Administration began from a starting point
of 10.8 % unemployment, a current account surplus, and market
valuations that - on the most historically reliable
measures - were less than one - quarter
of present levels.
None
of that would even require the most historically reliable
valuation measures to break below their pre-bubble norms.
With the S&P 500 within about 8 %
of its highest level in history, with historically reliable
valuation measures at obscene levels, implying near - zero 10 - 12 year S&P 500 nominal total returns; with an extended period
of extreme overvalued, overbought, overbullish conditions replaced by deterioration in market internals that signal a clear shift toward risk - aversion among investors; with credit spreads on low - grade debt blowing out to multi-year highs; and with leading economic
measures deteriorating rapidly, we continue to classify market conditions within the most hostile return / risk profile we identify — a classification that has been observed in only about 9 %
of history.
Among the
valuation measures most tightly correlated across history with actual subsequent S&P 500 total returns, the ratio
of market capitalization to corporate gross value added would now have to retreat by nearly 60 % simply to reach its pre-bubble average.
We've long argued, and continue to assert, that the most historically reliable
measures of market
valuation are far beyond double their historical norms.
The essential thing to understand about
valuations is that while they are highly reliable
measures of prospective long - term market returns (particularly over 10 - 12 year horizons), and
of potential downside risk over the completion
of any market cycle,
valuations are also nearly useless over shorter segments
of the market cycle.
Historically - reliable
valuation measures are remarkably useful in projecting long - term and full - cycle market outcomes, but the behavior
of the market over shorter segments
of the market cycle is driven by the psychological inclination
of investors toward speculation or risk - aversion.
Second, our own admitted difficulty in the advancing period since 2009 did not reflect a shortfall in either our
measures of valuation or our
measures of market internals.
Even if the growth rates
of nominal GDP and U.S. corporate revenues (including foreign revenues) over the coming 20 years match their 4 % growth rate
of the past 20 years, and even if the most reliable
valuation measures merely touch their historical norms 20 years from today, the S&P 500 Index two decades from now will trade more than 20 % lower than where it trades today.
These
measures include the S&P 500 price / revenue ratio, the Margin - Adjusted CAPE (our more reliable variant
of Robert Shiller's cyclically - adjusted P / E), and MarketCap / GVA — the ratio
of nonfinancial market capitalization to corporate gross value - added, including estimated foreign revenues — which is easily the most reliable
valuation measure we've ever created or tested, among scores
of alternatives.
Last week, the U.S. equity market climbed to the steepest
valuation level in history, based on the
valuation measures most highly correlated with actual subsequent S&P 500 10 - 12 year total returns, across a century
of market cycles.
The Market Climate remains on a Crash Warning, characterized by extremely unfavorable
valuations, unfavorable trend uniformity, and hostile yield trends, particularly long - term bond yields and various
measures of risk premiums.
This does not, for even a moment, change the fact that the most reliable
measures of valuation are now an average
of 3.0 times their historical norms.
Although Wall Street continues to assert that
valuations are «reasonable given the level
of interest rates,» keep in mind that the most reliable
measures of valuation imply negative 10 - 12 year total returns for the S&P 500.
By March 2000, on the basis
of historically reliable
valuation measures, I projected that a retreat to normal
valuations would require an -83 % plunge in tech stocks.
The most reliable
measures of individual stock
valuation we've found are based on formal discounted cash flow considerations, but among publicly - available
measures we've evaluated, price / revenue ratios are better correlated with actual subsequent returns than price / earnings ratios (though normalized profit margins and other factors are obviously necessary to make cross-sectional comparisons).
While we prefer to compare market capitalization with corporate gross value added, including estimated foreign revenues, the following chart provides a longer historical perspective
of where reliable
valuation measures stand at present.