This result compares well with the observed hemispheric transport
of volcanic debris leading to «the year without a summer» in 1816 in the northern hemisphere after the 1815 Tambora volcano cataclysmic eruption in Indonesia in 1815.
The massive volumes
of volcanic debris deposited in the Spirit Lake and the Toutle River system during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington State drastically changed the region and left its 50,00... More >>
Modern scientists identify and measure past eruptions using layers
of volcanic debris found in ice cores, lake sediments, and other undisturbed soils.
ROUGH TERRAIN Underwater robots helped map Havre's 2012 eruption, creating elevation maps of the site and allowing researchers to figure out the volume
of volcanic debris deposited there.
A little bee, Anthophora squammulosa, was zipping through the ash heaps looking for nectar and burrowing in a pile
of volcanic debris.
Videos released by the National Disaster Mitigation Agency showed a mudflow
of volcanic debris and water known as a lahar moving down the volcano's slopes.
Not exact matches
Then it vaporised, rising with other
volcanic debris to an altitude
of up to 20 kilometres.
More than 2000 times as massive as the blast that ripped open Mount St. Helens in 1980, the Indonesian «super-volcano» Toba ejected millions
of metric tons
of volcanic ash, sulfur, and other
debris into the atmosphere 74,000 years ago.
But high - flying
volcanic debris frustrated space physicists» attempts to use Jupiter's powerful magnetic field as a probe
of Io's interior.
The Deccan
volcanic eruptions there would ultimately belch out some 1.3 million cubic kilometers (300,000 cubic miles)
of molten rock and
debris.
Deccan
volcanic eruptions spewed more than a million cubic kilometers (240,000 cubic miles)
of molten rock and
debris in what is now India.
Because
of Io's low gravity, large
volcanic eruptions produce an umbrella
of debris that rises high into space.
Some may be the result
of ancient
volcanic activity but others may be made
of debris from meteoric impacts.
The European Space Agency's Optical Ground Station on the
volcanic island
of Tenerife., Spain, is used for quantum communication and teleportation experiments, as well as for laser communication with satellites, space
debris tracking and asteroid searches.
Picture a powerful grenade that explodes into a fountain
of steam and hurls
volcanic debris every which way.
The dark
volcanic sands are as pristine and devoid
of any human
debris, as the sky is from cloud cover.
The chief characteristics
of work from that decade, with its echoes
of Hans Hofmann, are densely layered surfaces and the arbitrary petals
of paint so evocatively described by Mel Gooding in his book: «They flicker and flash with the chromatic brilliancy
of birds, fish or insects against the broken light
of impasto and coagulation, or like
volcanic debris falling through burned air, or like bright figures
of water, air and fire against elemental grounds
of pigmented earth.»
But soon the hatches above out heads become black with a thick layer
of debris, and the
volcanic rain seemed to be getting heavier.
Two major volcanoes — El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991 — caused global average temperature to dip as a result
of volcanic ash, soot and
debris reflecting sunlight back into space.
Figure 1: The Mt. St. Helens eruption
of May 18, 1980, sent
volcanic ash, steam, water, and
debris to a height
of 60,000 feet.
(Definition
of a cinder cone: a «steep conical hill
of tephra (
volcanic debris) that accumulates around and downwind from a
volcanic vent.»)
The
debris may have caused years
of volcanic «winter,» killing many creatures, including most early humans.