Sentences with phrase «of volcanic eruptions during»

For example, the accumulated effect of volcanic eruptions during the past decade, including the Icelandic volcano with the impossible name, Eyjafjallajökull, may have had a greater cooling effect on the earth's surface than has been accounted for in most climate model simulations.

Not exact matches

Air bubbles collect and explode at the surface of many viscous liquids, as observed with polymer foams, in glass furnaces, and during volcanic eruptions.

It was based on real volcanic eruptions during the past 200,000 years in Central America, which had been investigated in the framework of the Collaborative Research Project 574.

Because of the high temperature in the inner parts of Earth's mantle, the CO2 is released back into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions.

The material, they believe, was recycled as older volcanic rocks forming the roofs of magma chambers collapsed and remelted during eruptions, only to be reejected in the next volcanic outburst.

On at least three occasions during the past 7,000 years, the penguin population was similar in magnitude to today, but was almost completely wiped out locally after each of three large volcanic eruptions.

One of the largest colonies of gentoo penguins in Antarctica was decimated by volcanic eruptions several times during the last 7,000 years according to a new study.

Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption.

But in a new study researchers have shown conclusively that a new form of low - energy lightning is also active during eruptions, arcing between particles as they exit the volcanic vent at around 100 metres per second.

They form through the collapse of subterranean magma reservoirs during volcanic eruptions.

Tiny beads of volcanic glass found on the lunar surface during the Apollo missions are a sign that fire fountain eruptions took place on the Moon's surface.

These appear as particle - rich «fingers» descending from the base of volcanic clouds and have commonly been observed during volcanic explosive eruptions.

Like the particles emitted during volcanic eruptions, sulfate aerosols cool the Earth by blocking a portion of the sun's rays.

Regardless of artistic style, paintings created soon after volcanic eruptions had redder skies than those painted during periods of low volcanic activity, the researchers report online today in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

During Mount Saint Helens's May 18, 1980, eruption, the top 1,300 feet of the volcano crumbled, initiating a steam - powered blast that tore off the peak's north flank and sent more than 5 billion cubic feet of volcanic mud flowing into nearby river channels.

Glass compositions of the YTT (open squares) are clearly distinct from tephra of the Rungwe Volcanic Province (26) and of the Olkaria (27) and Eburru (28) volcanoes, Kenya, which have produced rhyolitic eruptions during the last 150 ka..

The final phase of testing will be to fly the Airbus A340 aircraft during a major volcanic eruption later this year - volcanic activity is likely to take place in areas such as Indonesia, Alaska, Japan and, of course, Iceland.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University]-- Tiny beads of volcanic glass found on the lunar surface during the Apollo missions are a sign that fire fountain eruptions took place on the Moon's surface.

«In contrast to most volcanic deposits, the melt inclusions are encased in crystals that prevent the escape of water and other volatiles during eruption.

The transition zone controls the movement of magma that flows out during a volcanic eruption.

This would open up large areas of airspace that would otherwise be closed during a volcanic eruption, which would benefit passengers by minimising disruption.

Most of the lava's gases were released during the eruptions, but some of the gas remained trapped in crystals near the volcanic vents.

This project will enable the study processes of slow deformation, a signature of the accumulation of energy in active geologic systems that can be released during major earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

Volcanoes can — and do — influence the global climate over time periods of a few years but this is achieved through the injection of sulfate aerosols into the high reaches of the atmosphere during the very large volcanic eruptions that occur sporadically each century.

During one of Otto's training sessions, a volcanic eruption occurs indicating that someone has broken the chains that have been restraining the golems.

The Largest Volcano on Earth Students create time lines of two major Mauna Loa eruptions and use the information to determine what happens during a typical volcanic eruption.

Trek to the rim of the volcanic cone to peer into the crater of the last eruption and on the way back down, see the black lava which flowed down the mountain's slopes during the first and second eruptions.

And Indonesia's Bali Island is ready to greet Chinese visitors during the upcoming Spring Festival, following the volcanic peak's eruptions at the end of last year.

«I think the flight cancellations during the four days [of the volcanic eruption] did not significantly affect [our revenue].

According to history, the whole capital of Camiguin including this cemetery, sunk under the sea during the destructive volcanic eruption in 1871.

Visit the Ruins of 16th Century Guiob Church, the church of the Old Catarman town which was destroyed and partly submerged by volcanic fragments during the eruption Mt. Vulcan in 1871.

The townsfolk talk of a heroine who acted as a brave savior during a volcanic eruption.

It has long been suspected that the low solar activity during the Maunder Minimum was one of the causes of the Little Ice Age, although other factors like a small drop in greenhouse gas concentrations around 1600 and strong volcanic eruptions during that time likely played a role as well.

(For those «coming in in the middle» — assuming any such are still reading — this subthread began with a link I provided discussing the vulnerability our complex society bears WRT to very large volcanic eruptions, in the context of the robustness of some Stone Age populations who «thrived» during the event — albeit at a considerable distance!)

In other words, if we are after a cause (or causes) for the temperature increase during the period in question, the presence or absence of aerosols from volcanic eruptions is beside the point, because they can not explain any increase in temperatures that occurred prior to any cooling effect they might have had.

See e.g. this review paper (Schmidt et al, 2004), where the response of a climate model to estimated past changes in natural forcing due to solar irradiance variations and explosive volcanic eruptions, is shown to match the spatial pattern of reconstructed temperature changes during the «Little Ice Age» (which includes enhanced cooling in certain regions such as Europe).

*** * «Carbon Dioxide Speaking of carbon dioxide, this is another gas that is commonly expelled during the volcanic eruptions.

The reason for a lack of short term correlation is probably that, absent a volcanic eruption, the Atlantic is warmer during an El Nino BUT the wind shear is greater, thus destroying, on such occasions, the agreement you would normally get with multidecadal changes in SST in the Atlantic RELATIVE to other ocean basins.

Even during the PETM, it took extended volcanic eruptions on a massive scale that were extensive but not of the kind to eject significant stratospheric sulfates so as to cause cooling.

Scenario A was described as «on the high side of reality,» because it assumed rapid exponential growth of GHGs and it included no large volcanic eruptions during the next half century.

Volcanic activity was high during this period of history, and we know from modern studies of volcanism that eruptions can have strong cooling effects on the climate for several years after an eruption.

Volcanic activity proceeds over the decades at a level of only about 1 percent of industrial CO2 emissions, and even major eruptions observed during the past century have changed atmospheric CO2 trends only minimally and transiently.

Infact, if one goes back to 1600 and graphs all major volcanic eruptions against high / low solar activity one will find that 88 % of all major volcanic eruptions have happend during periods of low solar activity.

This reveals an ignorance of the literature, otherwise you'd know that the extent of aerosol cooling is estimated from the measured aerosol optical depth due to volcanic eruptions and their consequent impact on global temperature, and estimates of aerosol emissions during the 20th century.

Hmm, something during search: Mega-colossal eruptions Even more extreme eruptions have occurred in Earth's past — eruptions ten times more powerful than the Tambora eruption, earning a ranking of 8 out of 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).

«The solar and volcanic forcings we use are derived from reconstructions based on proxy data and are therefore also subject to considerable uncertainties, although recent explosive volcanic eruptions are likely to have cooled climate, and independent records of solar activity levels inferred from the cosmogenic isotope 10Be (43) and geomagnetic records (44) provide support to reconstructions (22, 45) that show generally increasing solar activity during the 20th century (12).»

Vernier, J. - P., L.W. Thomason, et al. 2011: Major influence of tropical volcanic eruptions on the stratospheric aerosol layer during the last decade.

Li et al., 2017 (DOI: 10.1016 / j.quascirev.2017.01.009): «Additionally, increased El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) strength (possibly El Ni ~ no - like phases) during drying periods, increased volcanic eruptions and the resulting aerosol load during cooling periods, as well as high volumes of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 during the recent warming periods, may also play a role in partly affecting the climatic variability in NC, superimposing on the overall solar dominated long - term control.»

Curiously, in their FAQ section «Has global warming stopped» http://berkeleyearth.org/faq/#stopped they try to explain the current lack of warming by pointing out that there was similarly no warming from 1980 — 1995, without mentioning the two major volcanic eruptions that occurred during that period.

The massive volumes of volcanic debris deposited in the Spirit Lake and the Toutle River system during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in southwest Washington State drastically changed the region and left its 50,00... More >>