Sentences with phrase «of volcanic sulfate»

Figure 2: The decadal land surface temperature from the BEST average (black), compared to a linear combination of volcanic sulfate emissions and the natural logarithm of CO2 (red).

«The annual and decadal land surface temperature from the BerkeleyEarth average, compared to a linear combination of volcanic sulfate emissions and the natural logarithm of CO2.»

Time series for solar insolation (18), SOI (19), and the radiative forcing of volcanic sulfates (20) are updated with values from sources that are used to generate the original dataset.

That same reference finds that the statistical estimates for the temperature effect of volcanic sulfates and ENSO (and effects of ENSO on atmospheric CO2) are consistent with estimates derived from climate models and empirical analyses.

Not exact matches

In the 1970s, researchers discovered volcanic sulfates in a most unlikely location: below the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica.

«In any case, the results of our model study give a clear indication that the bipolar variability of sulfate deposits must be taken into consideration if the traces of large volcanic eruptions are to be deduced from ice cores,» says Dr. Krüger, «Several research groups that deal with this issue have already contacted us to verify their data through our model results.»

To determine whether declining pollutants deserve credit for the recovery, the researchers used a 3D atmospheric model to separate the effects of the chemicals from those of weather, which can affect ozone loss through winds and temperature, and volcanic eruptions, which deplete ozone by pumping sulfate particles into the upper atmosphere.

Since the 1990s, scientists have been discussing using aircraft to inject aerosols, such as sulfates, into the atmosphere as a form of geoengineering to mimic volcanic eruptions that sometimes cool the planet by casting shades of particulate matter.

A third key hypothesis involves acidic aerosols released at volcanic sites, such as acid fog, dispersed throughout the atmosphere, and interacting subsequently with the finer components of soil as a source of widespread hydrated iron - sulfate salts.

Like the particles emitted during volcanic eruptions, sulfate aerosols cool the Earth by blocking a portion of the sun's rays.

Recent inspection of the sulfate records from the European project for ice coring in Antarctica's dronning maud land (EDML) ice core reveals sulfate peaks that have been correlated to presumed YTT sulfate peaks in the North Greenland ice core project (NGRIP) and GISP2 ice cores; however, once again no volcanic material has been identified (18).

An exceptional sulfate spike in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core record, of 6 y duration, has been correlated to the YTT (16) despite an absence of volcanic material.

Volcanoes can — and do — influence the global climate over time periods of a few years but this is achieved through the injection of sulfate aerosols into the high reaches of the atmosphere during the very large volcanic eruptions that occur sporadically each century.

Hydrogen sulfate also occurs naturally during the breakdown of organic matter in swamps and sewers; it is also present in volcanic gases, natural gas, and some well waters.

My idea of a thriller novel, with at least the plot potential of State Of Fear, has for years been a group of rogue scientists who drill down to near the magma of a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherof a thriller novel, with at least the plot potential of State Of Fear, has for years been a group of rogue scientists who drill down to near the magma of a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherof State Of Fear, has for years been a group of rogue scientists who drill down to near the magma of a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherOf Fear, has for years been a group of rogue scientists who drill down to near the magma of a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherof rogue scientists who drill down to near the magma of a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherof a volcano on a remote Indonesian island and drop a nuclear bomb down there to break things loose and start a real volcanic reaction — leaving us with lots of sulfates in the atmospherof sulfates in the atmosphere.

Even during the PETM, it took extended volcanic eruptions on a massive scale that were extensive but not of the kind to eject significant stratospheric sulfates so as to cause cooling.

After a large volcanic eruption, the layer of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere gets thicker, and we see, in the historic record, that the Earth cools down in response.

Biba mentions one proposal of this kind — injecting sulfates into the stratosphere to mimic a volcanic eruption.

In fact, the major effect of significant volcanic eruptions is cooling due to the sulfate aerosols that they release (although in order to have a significant cooling effect, the eruption has to be large enough that it injects the aerosols into the stratosphere where they can stay around longer... and it apparently helps if the eruption is reasonably near to the equator).

Also, volcanic eruptions such as that of the Philippines» Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 can cool the planet for a few years by adding sulfate particles into the stratosphere, reflecting solar radiation back to space.

Stott analyzed the response of HadCM3 with different combinations of forcings, varying greenhouse gases, sulfate and ozone components, and volcanic activity, and with three solar models, HS, LBB, and an update to LBB designated as Lean et al. (1995a).

This cooling influence occurs when large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject sulfate particles into the high reaches of the atmosphere (the stratosphere).

Contribution of volcanic eruptions: big volcanic eruptions emit great quantities of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) that form with water vapor sulfate droplets that are lifted by the eruptive column to the stratosphere where they are carried by winds all over the world.

Volcanoes can — and do — influence the global climate over time periods of a few years but this is achieved through the injection of sulfate aerosols into the high reaches of the atmosphere during the very large volcanic eruptions that occur sporadically each century.

Short - term cyclical factors (ENSO, solar variability, etc.), noisy annual variation, and unpredictable factors like the precise amount of sulfates we're going to emit or whether we're going to have any large volcanic eruptions make predictions over very short time periods (like a decade) next to worthless.

To identify the effects of human activity on temperature, we simulate the model (estimation sample 1960 — 1998) with post 1998 values of solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates held at their 1998 level while allowing greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfur emissions to evolve as observed.

Observed temperature (black line), the out - of - sample forecast for global surface temperature driven by anthropogenic changes in radiative forcing (red line) and the out - of - sample forecast for global surface temperature driven by natural variables (solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates)(green line).

Conversely, holding greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfur emissions at their 1998 values and allowing solar insolation, SOI, and volcanic sulfates to evolve as observed generates a forecast that is consistent with the observed pattern of temperature change.

The 95 % confidence intervals in Figs. 2 and 3 represent uncertainty in the statistical estimates of the regression model for observed paths of forcings, SOI, and volcanic sulfates.

But to quantify the influences (or «forcings» in climate jargon) even further, they considered three anthropogenic forcings — well - mixed greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, and tropospheric and stratospheric ozone — as well as two natural forcings — changes in solar irradiance and volcanic aerosols — all of which are likely to influence tropopause height.»

The concept largely focuses on the idea of dispersing chemicals such as sulfates high in the atmosphere so they could reflect sunlight in a manner that would mimic the effect of volcanic eruption.

Climate engineering: To counter the effects of heat - trapping greenhouse gases, some experts have proposed artificially cooling the planet by injecting sulfates into the stratosphere, which would mimic the effects of a major volcanic eruption.