[180] The Hong Kong Court of Appeal held that privilege had been waived in favour of the SFC for the purpose of its investigation only, even though at the time of the surrender of the documents to the SFC, CITIC's solicitors provided no written document setting out specific terms as to limitation
of the waiver of privilege.
The level of co-operation required by the SFO and the necessity
of any waiver of privilege is a developing area.
Not exact matches
Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or a
waiver of the
privileges and immunities
of the World Tourism Organization, which are specifically reserved.
The 2/3 DCA panel disagreed, because (1) detailed billing timesheets are not mandatory in seeking fees at the state court level, and (2) the attorney seeking fees on behalf
of a client could obtain a
waiver of the
privilege by the client so that the substantiation can be submitted.
However, Hong Kong recognises a doctrine
of partial or limited
waiver, which allows a client to disclose privileged documents to a third party (such as a regulator or authority) without causing a general
waiver of privilege in all related documents.
DOJ Issues New Corporate Prosecution Guidelines, Modifying Approach to
Privilege Waivers and Advancement
of Legal Fees, SRZ CLIENT ALERT (Dec. 19, 2006)(co-author).
If the
waiver of privilege was appropriate, limited and restricted, it should not defeat the overall assertion
of legal professional
privilege.
The leading case applying the selective -
waiver analysis is Diversified Industries Inc v. Meredith.87 In Diversified Industries, a corporation retained outside counsel to conduct an internal investigation into allegations
of bribery.88 The internal report prepared by outside counsel was then produced to the SEC. 89 The Eighth Circuit held that this disclosure constituted only a «limited
waiver» that did not preclude the corporation from subsequently withholding the report from private litigants on the grounds
of attorney — client
privilege.90 The court reasoned that a contrary ruling may undermine corporate incentives to initiate internal investigations conducted by counsel.91
The attempt to disclose privileged material to the government in the context
of an investigation, while still claiming
privilege and confidentiality over that same material as to other third parties, is called «selective
waiver».
Nordheimer J. found that these provisions constituted a clear
waiver of settlement
privileges, which Cadbury and Hershey both signed.
When the SFO subsequently commenced its own investigation, not only did it have access to Rolls - Royce's internal investigations and interviews (Rolls - Royce having made a limited
waiver of its claims for legal professional
privilege over them), but also Rolls - Royce deferred certain interviews until the SFO had completed its interviews
of the same individuals.
How
waiver works: Client discloses (all or some) contents
of a client - lawyer consultation to a party whose participation is not within the scope
of lawyer - client communications otherwise protected by the
privilege.
There were some recurring problems in the practice
of e-discovery, such as data preservation, defining the scope
of discovery, form
of production, multi-jurisdictional issues,
privilege and
privilege waiver, shifting or sharing discovery costs, and sanctions;
Recent developments in the law
of attorney - client
privilege presents new pitfalls for inadvertent
waiver by your clients.
Such sharing does not amount to a
waiver of privilege except as between the provider
of the materials and the recipients.
The ability
of a prosecuting authority to require
waiver of privilege, and the circumstances in which it will be taken to have done so, therefore remains in some doubt and would appear to vary depending on the particular rules and guidelines applicable to the prosecuting authority.
Although it may be possible for a regulated entity to contend that
waiver of privilege was impliedly, if not expressly, limited (having regard to all the circumstances
of the
waiver), the safest course will always be to make clear at the time
of disclosure that
waiver is for a limited purpose only and confidentiality is otherwise being maintained.
However, while under English law voluntary disclosure to a regulator may not entail a general
waiver of privilege, this may be inconsistent with the position in other common law jurisdictions.
[W] here
privilege is waived, the question whether the
waiver was limited, and, if so, the parameters
of the limitation, must be determined by reference to all the circumstances
of the alleged
waiver, and, in particular, what was expressly or impliedly communicated between the person sending, and the person receiving, the documents in question, and what they must or ought reasonably have understood... [179]
Significantly, the judge held that the existence
of «non
waiver» agreements between RBS and the third parties — which recognised by certain «carve - outs» that the regulator could use the information in a way which could in future destroy the
privilege, for example, by publishing the material — did not undermine the limited nature
of the
waiver.
Since the decision in R v. George, the OFT guidance «Applications for leniency and no - action in cartel cases» (the 2013 Leniency Guidance), now adopted by the CMA, has changed and no longer requires
waiver of privilege as an element
of co-operation.
The primary risk in a voluntary production is that a third party may argue that the production
of privileged material resulted in a
waiver of privilege as to all privileged material, but that risk exists with respect to compelled productions too.
[17] Furthermore, in accordance with the aphorism «once privileged, always privileged», [18] once a client's
privilege has attached to a document or other privileged exchange, the
privilege will persist, subject only to
waiver or other types
of loss, for the client's benefit and that
of successors in title for all time and in all circumstances.
In certain circumstances the loss
of privilege in a document can lead to
waiver of privilege in other material.
As noted above, in ENRC v. Dechert the Court
of Appeal has confirmed that the concept
of limited
waiver is
of general application, designed to ensure that the loss
of legal professional
privilege (given its fundamental importance) is limited to that which is necessary to protect other interests.
The fact that, independently
of common interest, the disclosure
of privileged material to third parties need not involve a broader loss
of confidentiality or
waiver of privilege is discussed below.
It must often be in the interests
of the administration
of justice that a partial or limited
waiver of privilege should be made by a party who would not contemplate anything which might cause
privilege to be lost, and it would be most undesirable if the law could not accommodate it.
The implied
waiver of privilege the application for detailed assessment had entailed was limited, temporary and extended only to the opposing party and to the judge.
Gloster LJ remarked that «the concept
of limited
waiver is
of general application, designed to ensure that the loss
of LPP [legal professional
privilege](given its fundamental importance) is limited to that which is necessary to protect other interests.»
A lack
of reasonable care to protect against disclosing
privilege of protected information when producing electronically stored information can be deemed a
waiver of the attorney - client
privilege.
Disclosure
of a redacted document will not give rise to a
waiver of privilege in respect
of the redacted parts.
The Justice Department already has guidelines in place that prohibit prosecutors from considering
waivers of the
privilege as a litmus test for cooperation, according to the blog Main Justice.
Holder's memo authorized U.S. attorneys to consider a corporation's
waiver of attorney - client
privilege as a factor when assessing cooperation in a criminal investigation.
It seems pretty clear that the highest risk for these types
of unexpected
privilege waivers will come in employment disputes, where the employer has a direct interest in getting as much information about the employee as it can.
Some without prejudice correspondence was adduced (presumably after
waiver of privilege) to suggest that the claimant had been unreasonable in pre-conditions for discussions, but the court took no account
of it.
When made in a federal proceeding or to a federal office or agency, the disclosure does not operate as a
waiver in a federal or state proceeding if: (1) the disclosure is inadvertent; (2) the holder
of the
privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and (3) the holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including (if applicable) following Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 26 (b)(5)(B).
As well, to ensure that there is no suggestion
of an implied «subject matter
waiver»
of privilege during an investigation, Gardner says companies can seek to enter into a «common interest agreement» with a regulator.
Of course, waiver can not be compelled, but waiver of privilege where necessary would be an obvious sign of co-operation.&raqu
Of course,
waiver can not be compelled, but
waiver of privilege where necessary would be an obvious sign of co-operation.&raqu
of privilege where necessary would be an obvious sign
of co-operation.&raqu
of co-operation.»
These include a
waiver of privilege, where necessary.
So far as I am aware, all previous cases where mediation content has been reported to a judge have involved specific
waiver of privilege by the parties, for better or worse.
The quotes that Mr. Pickworth cites from a number
of senior SFO individuals, including the Director, all make the point that a
waiver of a claim
of privilege may be taken as a sign
of co-operation.
First, Mr Pickworth is mistaken in his assertion that handing over notes
of witness interviews «necessarily involve [s] a
waiver of privilege.»
The reality on the ground is that it is expected that witness statements will be handed over and in most circumstances this will necessarily entail a
waiver of privilege.
This would necessarily involve a
waiver of privilege.
This exception to the doctrine
of waiver applies when one party discloses information that is subject to solicitor - client
privilege to another party (or parties) who have a common interest in a legal matter.
How should issues
of legal professional
privilege — including limited
waiver of privilege — be handled, and what are the cross-border implications?
Additionally, Code § 65.2 - 607 (A) provides a
waiver of the physician / patient
privilege in workers compensation cases.
The vast majority
of states use a balancing test to determine whether inadvertent disclosure is considered a
waiver of the
privilege.
If the
privilege is available, advantages
of asserting the
privilege include that the client may be prevented from making statements in a civil proceeding that could be used against him or her in future criminal or civil proceedings or private civil litigation.82 In addition, testifying in a civil or criminal proceeding may, under certain circumstances, amount to a
waiver of the Fifth Amendment
privilege for purposes
of the same proceeding and any future proceedings.83 Conversely, risks
of asserting the
privilege include that adverse inferences may, under certain circumstances, be drawn in civil or administrative proceedings from an individual's assertion
of Fifth Amendment rights in a prior civil or administrative proceeding.84 Moreover, an individual's assertion
of the
privilege in a civil proceeding could factor into law enforcement's charging decisions.
[21] Furthermore, the fact that the plaintiffs retained the same legal counsel to act for them in regard to the wills variation action and the administration
of the estate does not amount to a
waiver of solicitor - client
privilege.