My bet is that the hiatus is ended, mainly on the basis that it's a lot to do with variations in the ocean draw down
of warmer surface water after a pacific gyre spinup circa 1995 and its subsequent working out.
Although the flows are vastly more complex than I make out — the vast area
of warmer surface water warms the atmosphere.
With lots
of warm surface water releasing heat into the atmosphere, in addition to ever - rising levels of greenhouse gases, 2015 is likely to surpass the warmest year on record, and 2016 will be similarly hot.
Furthermore, a deeper upper layer
of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.
With the removal
of the warm surface waters, an upwelling current is created in the east Pacific Ocean, bringing cold water up from deeper levels.
The Center for Ocean Solutions writes: «Between 1951 and 1993 zooplankton biomass off Southern California decreased by 80 % as a result
of warming surface waters.»
The second is a short - term period
of warmer surface waters in the Pacific Ocean (called an El Niño).
Furthermore, a deeper upper layer
of warm surface water may weaken the cold tongue if the Ekman pumping doesn't reach down below the thermocline to bring up colder water, and weakened trade winds would have a similar effect through reduced Ekman pumping near the equator.
According to McLean and Foster, this predominance
of warm surface waters in the Pacific has heated the Earth, particularly in the NH, and generated a rather abrupt upturn in global warming after 1976.
The layer
of warm surface water that was blown west is then replaced by cooler water from the subsurface, cooling the entire tropical Pacific.
In addition,
some of the warm surface water in the Western Pacific moves back out east.
There are expanding cool pools forming off the South American equatorial coast following the dissipation
of warm surface water from the La Nina Modoki earlier this year.
Not exact matches
The planets orbit an «ultracool dwarf,» a star much smaller and cooler than the sun, but still possibly
warm enough to allow for liquid
water on the
surfaces of at least two
of the planets.
Active Dry Yeast 1/2 cup
warm water 2 large beaten eggs 1/4 cup white granulated sugar 1 1/2 tsp salt 1 tsp nutmeg 4 2/3 cup all purpose flour + extra for dusting
surface Canola Oil (3»
of oil in your pan)
I took the dough out
of the bowl and flattened it on a floured
surface, kneading it lightly to get the air out, and repeated the rising process; placed the dough in the bowl, covered, filled sink with
warm water, and placed the bowl in sink.
Dip a rice paper wrapper into
warm water and immediately pull it out
of the
water, letting the excess moisture drip off before placing on a clean
surface.
3) Pre-heat oven to 450 deg Fahrenheit (230 deg cel) 4) Meanwhile, prepare the pizza dough but combing the tapioca flour, salt, 1/3 cup coconut flour in a medium - sized bowl 5) Pour in oil and
warm water and stir well (mixture will be slightly dry) 6) Add in the whisked egg and continue mixing until well combined (mixture will be quite liquid and sticky) 7) Add in 2 — 3 tablespoons
of coconut flour (one tablespoon each time) until the mixture is a soft but somewhat sticky dough 8) Coat your hands with tapioca flour, then using your hands, turn the dough out onto a tapioca - flour sprinkled flat
surface and gently knead it until it forms a ball that does not stick to your hands.
1) Mix flour, butter and icing sugar in a bowl using two knives to cut the butter until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs 2) Add in the egg yolks and vanilla extracts and mix well, then add iced
water until the dough starts to come together 3) Shape the dough into a ball on a cool, flat, floured
surface 4) Flatten dough into a disc and then wrap in plastic wrap, and chill in the refrigerator for at least 30 minutes 5) Meanwhile, peel, core and slice the apples into as thin slices as possible 6) Mix sugar and ground cinnamon powder with sliced apples and let it rest for a while 7) Pre-heat oven to 180 deg cel 8) Once dough has chilled, roll pastry dough on a sheet
of parchment paper until it has expanded to the size
of the tart mold (I used a rough mold the size
of a large pizza) 9) Leaving at least an inch
of dough free, arrange apple slices by overlapping them slightly in the shape
of a circle, starting from the outermost part
of the circle, until you reach the inside 10) Fold the edges
of dough over the filling and then sprinkle the dough with a bit
of sugar 11) Bake for about 40 - 45 minutes, or until the crust is golden brown and the apples are soft 12) Serve
warm, with a side
of whipped cream or ice cream (optional)
El Niño is an abnormal periodic
warming of surface ocean
water off the Pacific coast
of South America.
To make each roll, simply wet a sheet
of rice paper with
warm water and lay it on a flat working
surface, like a cutting board.
Solution: Since sugar is
water soluble, gently rinse the potatoes in
warm water to help remove the excess sugars from the
surface of the potato.
This is accomplished with a powerful blast
of warm air that quickly breaks up the layer
of surface water on a userâ $ ™ s hands for quick removal and evaporation.
• clean and sterilise all feeding parts before each use • do not use abrasive cleaning agents or anti-bacterial cleaners with bottles and teats • wash your hands thoroughly and ensure
surfaces are clean before handling sterilised components • for inspection
of the teat, pull it in each direction • place the teat in boiling
water for 5 minutes before first use to ensure hygiene • throw away bottle and teats at the first sight
of damage, weakness or scratching • replace teats and spouts after 3 months use • do not
warm milk in a microwave as this may cause uneven heating and could scald your baby • always check the milk temperature before feeding • make sure that the bottles are not over-tightened • do not allow your baby to play with small parts or run or walk while feeding
The only major potential drawback
of baby wipe
warmers is the simple fact that they are a piece
of electrical equipment that heats up and is often in close contact to
water and wet
surfaces.
«When the weather fluctuates between
warm and cold and in bodies
of water where there are currents underneath the ice, it can weaken the
surface of the ice and make it dangerously fragile even though it seems to be frozen solid,» said Joe Pecoraro, manager
of the Park District's Beaches and Pools Unit, who narrated the demonstration.
The Atlantic Ocean
surface circulation is an important part
of the Earth's global climate, moving
warm water from the tropics towards the poles.
In Martian summer, the combination
of warm temperatures and a thin atmosphere make any liquid
water on the
surface boil, which can let dust hover across the ground
The drones can't come too soon for scientists who study the El Niño — Southern Oscillation, a set
of shifting global temperature and rainfall patterns triggered by
warm surface waters that slosh back and forth across the equatorial Pacific every few years.
MAVEN arrived at Mars in Sept. 2014 on a mission to investigate a planetary mystery: Billions
of years ago, Mars was blanketed by layer
of air massive enough to
warm the planet and allow liquid
water to flow on its
surface.
«Previously this monster, Atlantic
warm water, was well covered from the
surface» by the CHL, says Igor Polyakov, a physical oceanographer at the University
of Alaska in Fairbanks, who led the study.
Under certain conditions, the
warm water of the lower layer can reach the
surface and melt the ice.
The cycle
of Pacific Ocean
surface water warming and cooling has become more variable in recent decades, suggesting El Niño may strengthen under climate change
They identified wind patterns that mixed the
warmer surface and colder deep
waters to cool the ocean's
surface and reduce the intensity
of the storm.
And around Antarctica, where even the
surface ocean
water is already quite cold and dense, some
of that
water in the ocean depths, which is also carbon rich, eventually
warmed enough so that it became less dense than the
water above it.
Unusually
warm surface water in the Gulf
of Mexico — about 2 degrees Fahrenheit
warmer than normal — may be a factor, he said.
Higher sea
surface temperatures led to a huge patch
of warm water, dubbed «The Blob,» that appeared in the northern Pacific Ocean more than two years ago.
Microbial consumption
of oil, however, works best near the
warm surface waters.
Muscles must stay
warm to remain efficient, but that's a challenge for these beasts because they often swim in near - freezing
waters, either in cold regions
of the world or deep below the sun -
warmed surface.
SEAS researchers suggest that early Mars may have been
warmed intermittently by a powerful greenhouse effect, possibly explaining
water on the planet's
surface billions
of years ago.
«The
warming surface waters cause large parts
of the lake's floor to lose oxygen, killing off bottom - dwelling animals such as freshwater snails,» Cohen said.
Driven by stronger winds resulting from climate change, ocean
waters in the Southern Ocean are mixing more powerfully, so that relatively
warm deep
water rises to the
surface and eats away at the underside
of the ice.
However, in their wake, hurricanes set up large - amplitude waves that mingle
warm surface water with colder deep
water, says climate scientist Matthew Huber
of Purdue University.
The simulations suggest that over decades, these
warming events dramatically perturb the ocean
surface, affecting the flow
of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, a system
of currents that acts like a conveyor belt moving
water around the planet.
Future wet suits with
surface textures like the thick fur
of otters that trap insulating air layers could keep tomorrow's divers
warmer in icy
waters.
The more heat in the Pacific, the bigger the El Niño, and right now, 150 metres below the
surface, a ball
of warm water is crossing that ocean.
So this effect could either be the result
of natural variability in Earth's climate, or yet another effect
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases like
water vapor trapping more heat and thus
warming sea -
surface temperatures.
Using the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer, or LBTI, in Arizona, the HOSTS Survey determines the brightness and density
of warm dust floating in nearby stars» habitable zones, where liquid
water could exist on the
surface of a planet.
The role
of this new zone as a refuge for shallower reef fishes seeking relief from
warming surface waters or deteriorating coral reefs is still unclear.
They found that adding five years
of strong trade winds created powerful ocean currents that buried the
warm surface water, bringing cooler
water to the
surface.
The injection
of so much cold
water, they say, could lead to a stratification
of the
water column, with
warm water buried underneath cold
surface water.