There is also an increasing poleward transport
of water vapour from lower latitudes.
The outflow
of water vapour from moons and dwarf planets is similar to that we see from comets.
Not exact matches
For example, one emerging area
of Westech's business, Integrated Solutions, pulls together custom engineering and design for a mix
of everything
from water recovery to gas emissions analysis,
vapour pressure and anything else a client requires.
Combining observations
from satellites and ground stations with climate models, they evaluated different factors that affect telescope vision, such as the amount
of water vapour, wind speeds and atmospheric turbulence.
The separation into two chambers means there are two separate flue gas streams to deal with too: air with a reduced concentration
of oxygen is discharged
from one chamber,
water vapour and CO2
from the other.
One intriguing possibility is that they were droplets
of salty
water that grew by absorbing
water vapour from the atmosphere.
He says the clumps were probably patches
of ice that formed and grew
from water vapour freezing onto the leg.
So droplets
of salty fluid on Mars would tend to absorb
water vapour from the atmosphere, explaining why the clumps grew over time.
Their roots can penetrate deep underground to tap hidden
water sources, and they produce much
of the life - giving
water vapour that emanates
from forests.
Now images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed a large cloud
of hydrogen and oxygen — most likely in the form
of water vapour — extending
from the moon's south pole.
Outflow
of water vapour has been detected
from the surface
of the dwarf planet Ceres, which is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
Elisabetta Pierazzo
of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona, and colleagues used a global climate model to study how
water vapour and sea salt thrown up
from an impact will affect ozone levels for years after the event.
On a previous, much closer pass by Enceladus, Cassini detected that the south pole
of Enceladus is spewing out a vast plume
of water vapour that stretches hundreds
of kilometres
from the moon's surface and keeps Saturn's E-ring topped up — but it has now captured the first images
of this activity.
The lack
of water vapour in the atmosphere there allows terahertz radiation
from space to reach the ground and be detected.
This process
of smoothing the original
water isotope variations
from precipitation is dependent on the temperature, as the
water molecules in
vapour form are more mobile at warmer temperatures.
His results lend support to the theory that the oceans were formed by
water vapour released
from the hot interior
of the young Earth.
The NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope has discovered
water vapour erupting
from the frigid surface
of Jupiter's moon Europa, in one or more localised plumes near its south pole.
In addition, around the tropopause the air is close to saturation with
water and a small increase
of vapour from aircraft can create wide expanses
of thin cirrus clouds that cause even stronger warming.
If it were possible to leave the clouds but remove all other
water vapour from the atmosphere, only about 40 % less infrared
of all frequencies would be absorbed.
Researchers have been fascinated with Enceladus since July 2005, when Cassini revealed plumes
of ice particles and
water vapour shooting out
from the moon's south pole.
This is a function
of the increase in fractionation as
water vapour is continually removed
from the air.
What is evident
from the dust during the cool phase and lack
of dust during the warm phase was that the
water vapour content
of the air suddenly changed.
Water undergoes a change of state from gas to liquid under these conditions, because cooler air can hold less water vapour than warmer
Water undergoes a change
of state
from gas to liquid under these conditions, because cooler air can hold less
water vapour than warmer
water vapour than warmer air.
Recent studies have shown a doubling
of stratospheric
water vapour, likely
from increasing atmospheric heights due to global warming, overshooting thunderstorm tops
from stronger tropical cyclones and mesoscale convective systems etc...
Initial data
from the Cassini - Huygens spacecraft, which began exploring the Saturnian system in 2004, show that methane is indeed a minor atmospheric constituent but a very important one, possibly playing a role analogous to that
of water vapour in Earth's troposphere.
The short - and long - wave absorptivities
of the most important greenhouse gases
water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone are derived
from line - by - line calculations based on the HITRAN08 - databasis and are integrated in the model.
«Here we report the detection
of water vapour around Ceres, with at least 1026 molecules being produced per second, [13 pounds / sec] originating
from localized sources that seem to be linked to mid-latitude regions on the surface.»
There, plumes
of ice and
water vapour were discovered, jetting out
from cracks in its surface.
V](Andrew Noren, 1987) Rak ti Khon Kaen (Cemetery
of Splendour, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, 2015) +
Vapour (2015) Passacaglia y Fuga (Jorge Honik, 1974) + La mirada errante (1969 - 1981) Circle (Jack Chambers, 1969) On Dangerous Ground (Nicholas Ray, 1951) Echoes
of Silence (Peter Emmanuel Goldman, 1967) Lumière d'été (Jean Grémillon, 1943) + Remorques (1941, Gardiens de phare (1929), L'Amour d'une femme (1954), Le Ciel est à vous (1944), Le 6 juin à l'aube (1946) Corps à coeur (Paul Vecchiali, 1979) + Trous de mémoire (1985) Anna (Alberto Grifi & Massimo Sarchielli, 1975) An Affair to Remember (Leo McCarey, 1957) John
From (João Nicolau, 2015) Suite California & Stops Passes Part 1: Tijuana to Hollywood Via Death Valley (1976) Part 2: San Francisco to Sierra Nevadas & Back Again (Robert Nelson, 1978) Plumb - line (Carolee Schneemann, 1968) No Home Movie (Chantal Akerman, 2015) Thorndon (Joanna Margaret Paul, 1975) + Napkins (1975), Aberhart's House (1976) Un enano en el jardín (Claudio Caldini, 1981), A través de las ruinas (1982), Ofrenda (1978), Aspiraciones (1976), Baltazar (1975) Rose (Siloh Cinquemani, 2013) + Narcissi (2013) Dripping
Water (Michael Snow, 1969) + To Lavoisier, Who Died in the Reign
of Terror (1991), Rameau's Nephew by Diderot (thanx to Dennis Young) by Wilma Schoen (1974) Heads and Tales (Francis Conrad, 1967) Reel 30b01 — Positano (Pierre Clémenti, 1969) La noche bengalí (Narcisa Hirsch & Werner Nekes, 1980) La nuit claire (Marcel Hanoun, 1979) Human Desire (Fritz Lang, 1954) Le jardin qui bascule (Guy Gilles, 1975) Bérénice (Éric Rohmer, 1954) + Les nuits de la pleine lune (Full Moon in Paris, 1984) Simone Barbès ou la vertu (Marie - Claude Treilhou, 1980) There's Always Tomorrow (Douglas Sirk, 1956) + Zu neuen Ufern (1937) Tender is the Night (Henry King, 1962) Loin de Manhattan (Jean - Claude Biette, 1982) Five Year Diary.
However, they can provide both positive and negative forcing» and Ray # 252 «we understand extremely well the way greenhouse gasses [sic] like CO2 warm the planet» So here we go — Assumptions
from considerations
of physics: Unless CO2 could enlist
water vapour to amplify its forcing it would simply be an unremarkable trace gas in the atmosphere, but — CO2 +
water (
vapour) = + ve feedback implying warming CO2 +
water (liquid) = - ve feedback implying cooling Facts: Clouds cover half the surface
of the planet.
If the enhanced atmospheric warming
from a CO2 - induced temperature rise
of 1 oC results in enhanced
water vapour that gives an additional warming
of say x oC, the overall warming (doubled CO2 +
water vapour feedback; leaving out other feedbacks for now) will be something like 1.1 * (1 + x + x2 + x3...) or 1.1 / (1 - x)-RSB-.
What I'm trying to get at is some simplistic estimate
of the
water vapour feedback that results
from an enhanced CO2 - induced warming
of say 1.1 oC
from the CO2 RF
of around 4 Wm - 2.
Assumptions
from considerations
of physics: Unless CO2 could enlist
water vapour to amplify its forcing it would simply be an unremarkable trace gas in the atmosphere, but --
The short - and long - wave absorptivities
of the most important greenhouse gases
water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone are derived
from line - by - line calculations based on the HITRAN08 - databasis and are integrated in the model.
(For instance, with a shortening
of ~ 1,2 %
of the ~ 9,5 days average «life time
of water vapour» — or «temps de residence»... in french — that may be inferred
from 20th century hydrographic data?)
The rise
of CO2
from 270ppm to now over 400ppm, the extent
of equatorial and sub tropical deforestation, the soot deposits on the polar ice caps, the increase in atmospheric
water vapour due to a corresponding increase in ocean temps and changes in ocean currents, the extreme ice albedo currently happening in the arctic etc, etc are all conspiring in tandem to alter the climate as we know it.
Re # 36 Lawrence, your cousin is correct that the greenhouse effect
of water vapour, and even more so clouds are much larger (x 2 — x 4) than that
from CO2.
The conversion
of a
water molecule to a
water vapour molecule involves a huge energy transfer
from water to air so evaporation alone is a substantial factor.
The dry band at the northern edge
of the NH Hadley zone results means nearly all
water vapour from the tropics has been precipitated out.
Of that which travels north, much of it will be precipitated out, with some of that being replaced by newly evaporated water vapour from mid-latitude ocean
Of that which travels north, much
of it will be precipitated out, with some of that being replaced by newly evaporated water vapour from mid-latitude ocean
of it will be precipitated out, with some
of that being replaced by newly evaporated water vapour from mid-latitude ocean
of that being replaced by newly evaporated
water vapour from mid-latitude oceans.
All that said, we can draw the conclusion that the theoretical effects
of CO2 do in fact exist, they have been measured over a 10 cm path length, and
from this we can extrapolate that a still higher sensitivity would be arrived at once the entire atmospheric scale and the change in
water vapour concentration
from bottom to top
of that scale is taken into account.
In the past no tipping point has ever been known to have occurred as a result
of runaway warming
from extra
water vapour so how have we been persuaded to fear it so much?
These models suggest that if the net effect
of ocean circulation,
water vapour, cloud, and snow feedbacks were zero, the approximate temperature response to a doubling
of carbon dioxide
from pre-industrial levels would be a 1oC warming.
But the notion
of «internal forcings» means that what we consider only as temperature feedbacks, as the clouds or the
water vapour, might be differentiated
from temperature and might depend
from others parameters.
Based on evidence
from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form
of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g.
from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity including fast feedbacks
from changes in
water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower surface albedo feedbacks
from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate — GHG feedbacks
from changes in natural (land and ocean) carbon sinks.
Microwave radiometers are very sensitive gauges
of energy transmitted
from the Earth which scientists can use to judge the amount
of water, ice or
water vapour underneath the spacecraft's flight path.
Water vapour causes lower supported surface temperatures, as I have shown in a study
of real world temperature records over 30 years
from three continents.
On the earth the supply
of water vapour is unlimited over the greater part
of the surface, and the actual mean temperature results
from a balance reached between the solar» constant» and the properties
of water and air.
The most credible
of the contrarians, Richard Lindzen, has relied primarily on arguments that the feedback
from water vapour, which plays a central role in climate models, might actually be zero or even negative.
(A sidestep: The rise
of the CO2 in atmosphere
from 0.03 to 0.04 % does not have any meaning in this play where the
water vapour is far the greatest player.